Climatic significance of tree-ring δO in the Qilian Mountains, northwestern China and its relationship to atmospheric circulation patterns

It is important to understand the history and dynamics of climate in a transitional region between areas with different atmospheric circulation patterns, where the vegetation and ecosystems are vulnerable to environmental change. We investigated variations in the long-term oxygen isotope composition (δ¹⁸O) in tree rings of Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) and their relationships to climatic parameters in the arid Qilian Mountains of northwestern China from 1870 to 2006. We found that the mean temperature from the previous November to the current February was significantly and positively correlated with the tree-ring δ¹⁸O values. The temperature effect, (the positive relationship between the temperature and the precipitation δ¹⁸O value) can explain the connection between temperature and the tree-ring δ¹⁸O values. Due to pooling of the earlywood and latewood into yearly tree-ring samples, it appears that the cellulose δ¹⁸O may be influenced by isotopically nonhomogeneous water sources and climatic conditions during the previous and current growing seasons. Subtle shifts and amplitude deviations in cellulose δ¹⁸O, which abruptly became more positive around 1977–1978, may be attributed to the shifting climatic regime in China and to temperature variations, respectively. Our results illustrated the potential for investigating climatic or atmospheric circulation patterns based on oxygen isotope records in tree rings in regions near the interface between different large-scale synoptic circulations.     

Influence of Obstacles on the Aerodynamic Roughness of the Netherlands

The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of large- and small-scale obstacles (orography, tree lines, and dikes) on the effective aerodynamic roughness of the Netherlands, a relatively flat, small-scale landscape. The roughness averaging approach was based on drag coefficients. The effective roughness was locally dominated by small-scale obstacles such as tree lines and dikes. Even at a regional scale (40,000 km2), the small-scale obstacle drag was of the same order of magnitude as the shear stress due to landuse. The neglect of those obstacles on a regional scale would result in approximately 10% overestimated averaged windspeed at 10~m above the surface. It was concluded that small-scale obstacles need to be taken into account to calculate the aerodynamic roughness of flat landscapes. Orography was of minor importance in this lowland country.     

气候变暖对云南烤烟生产影响的初步分析

通过对云南6个烤烟种植区35 a来烤烟大田生长期气温资料的初步分析发现:云南省6个烤烟生产区烤烟大田生长季平均气温呈明显升高趋势,热量条件有较明显的改善;各烟区烤烟成熟-采烤期气候变暖趋势一致性好、增温最突出、增幅最大,增温幅度达到了0.0155～0.0356 ℃/a,这在一定程度上缓和了云南省烤烟生产过程中烤烟生长中、后期高温不足这一制约云南烤烟品质提高的气候瓶颈问题,对提高云南省烟叶品质有十分重要的促进作用.     

基于树木年轮的贺兰山东麓河流径流量的重建

以采自贺兰山的5个采样点的树轮宽度资料为基础,建立区域标准化年表和差值年表,发现区域差值年表中包含的年径流总量信息多于标准化年表,并最终用区域差值年表序列重建了贺兰山东麓过去259 a的年径流量。相关分析发现降水和温度变化对于树木年轮生长及贺兰山东麓河流年径流总量的形成均有重要影响,是本文从树木年轮重建年径流量的气候水文学基础。校准方程的相关系数为0.638,可解释校准期内年径流总量变化总方差的40.8%,交叉检验的误差缩减值达0.328。分析259 a重建年径流量的变化特征发现:(1)重建流量经历了12个枯水期(1751—1759年,1765—1771年,1788—1802年,1809—1820年,1835—1840年,1847—1855年,1860—1866年,1877—1884年,1899—1908年,1924—1932年,1962—1967年,1980—1994年)和位于其间及1995—2004年的14个丰水期,以平水年份出现最多,但259 a来年径流量的变化较为剧烈。(2)年径流总量出现了持续≥10 a的4次持续枯水期和4次持续丰水期;持续枯水期中以1788—1802年的枯水期强度最大(平均距平百分率-14.9%),而强度第二的持续枯水期(平均距平百分率-10.4%),持续时间也长达15 a(1980—1994年);持续丰水期中以1867—1876年的丰水期强度最大(平均距平百分率+17.9%)。     

利用树木年轮资料重建新疆东天山300多年来干旱日数的变化

采用东天山6个相邻地点的云杉年轮序列求得该区域平均树木年轮年表（1665～1988年）。通过响应面函数的计算，发现树木生长对温度和降水有明显的非线性响应，表明用该年表序列重建单个温度要素存在一定片面性，利用森林干旱模式计算的树木生长期干旱数，含有温度、降水、土壤性质等诸因子，且与年轮生长明显相关。进而利用树木年轮资料重建了该地区过去300年来干旱日数，与实际旱涝情况吻合较好。     

灰色关联度在云南烤烟种植适宜性分析中的应用

利用云南省125个气象观测站1971~2000年30年气象观测数据,采用距离平方反比法,对云南省各乡镇的相关气候要素进行推算,选取一个烟草最适宜种植生态气象条件的样本点,使用灰色关联度方法对云南省可植烟区县市和乡镇级尺度的烤烟种植适宜性进行分析,分别给出云南县市级和乡镇级烤烟种植适宜区的分布。结果表明,使用灰色关联度方法弥补了采用数理统计方法作系统分析所导致的缺憾,计算量小,使用方便,而且有效可行,获得的分析结果与烟草行业的多年工作实践结果较为相符。     

青藏高原地区过去2000年来的气候变化

依据冰芯、树轮、沉积物分析和冰川波动等各单点古气候代用资料,以及重建的综合温度变化曲线,分析了近 2000年青藏高原温度变化的整体性和区域性特征。全青藏高原综合温度曲线显示中世纪暖期（1150-1400年）、小冰期（1400-1900年）以及公元 3～5世纪冷期的存在。青藏高原温度变化具有明显的区域性特征。在 9～11世纪,青藏高原东北部以温暖为特征,而青藏高原南部和西部表现为寒冷。青藏高原南部和西部分别于1150-1400年（此时段在高原东北部表现为弱暖期）和1250-1500年经历了气候变暖。与中国东部文献记录的最新综合研究结果比较,高原东北部与中国东部的温度变化最为一致。而且,许多重大气候事件,如1100-1150年、1500-1550年、1650-1700年和1800-1850年的冷事件在高原和中国东部同时出现,而后 3次冷期与小冰期期间中国西部发生的冰川前进相匹配。     

基于空间信息的烤烟种植适宜性 评价与轮作规划

基于遥感计算的气温和土壤水分及DEM计算的太阳辐射等地表参数代替站点观测数据,采用100m×100m栅格和适宜性评价指数对泸西县的烤烟种植适宜性进行评价,分析其空间分布规律。在此基础上,进行了烤烟的烟田轮作规划与核查监督。研究表明,泸西县的烤烟种植最适宜区的耕地利用率偏低,仅为28.1%,尚有2165ha的最适宜耕地有待开发利用。烤烟轮作率虽然逐年增长,最高也仅为63.7%,离95%的目标轮作率仍存在较大差距。适宜性评价时,利用遥感和DEM计算的地表参数代替观测站点的插值数据,能获得可靠的数据支持,弥补因观测站点缺失而导致的数据失真。基于空间信息的轮作规划与核查监督,可有效改善烤烟轮作率,提高烤烟的质量和产量。     

Partitioning of rainfall in a eucalypt forest and pine plantation in southeastern australia: III determination of the canopy storage capacity of a dry sclerophyll eucalypt forest

The canopy storage capacity of a dry sclerophyll eucalypt forest was determined. This required destructive sampling of three major species of trees and development of a water soakage method for the measurement of water holding capacity of all above ground components. The influence of antecedent weather conditions on canopy storage capacity was assessed. It was shown that the interactive effects of leaf area and water holding capacity of all tree components were such that the estimated canopy storage capacity (0-39 mm) was likely to change little except under extreme conditions of drought and rainfall. The effect of species composition on forest canopy storage capacity is also presented. The wetting processes are described and compared with those discussed in other studies. They are shown to be relevant to the estimation of canopy storage capacity in almost any forest.     

电子烟纸打孔机中断纸控制机构的设计与实现

本文分析了电子烟纸打孔机断纸控制的作用和意义,并根据对ＬＭ３３１特点的研究,设计并实现了一种用ＬＭ３３１构成的断纸处理方案。实际应用表明,这种方案是一种有效、经济的处理方法。