赤潮随机梯度回归分析

赤潮的危害日益严重,为了预测赤潮的发生,运用回归树的随机梯度Boosting算法分析渤海赤潮数据, 建立浮游植物总量与环境因子的定量关系,给出各种环境因子对浮游植物总量相对影响的大小以及浮游植物总量和各种环境因子偏相关的图形,有利于探索赤潮的发生机制,指导菌种的培养. 最后,相比其它算法,回归树的随机梯度Boosting对于＂局部剧增＂的赤潮数据是稳健的,而且具有较高的预测精度.     

Tree survey and allometric models for tiger bush in northern Senegal and comparison with tree parameters derived from high resolution satellite data

A tree survey and an analysis of high resolution satellite data were performed to characterise the woody vegetation within a 10 × 10 km² area around a site located close to the town of Dahra in the semi-arid northern part of Senegal. The surveyed parameters were tree species, height, tree crown radius, and diameter at breast height (DBH), for which allometric models were determined. An object-based classification method was used to determine tree crown cover (TCC) from Quickbird data. The average TCC from the tree survey and the respective TCC from remote sensing were both about 3.0%. For areas beyond the surveyed areas TCC varied between 3.0% and 4.5%. Furthermore, an empirical correction factor for tree clumping was obtained, which considerably improved the estimated number of trees and the estimated average tree crown area and radius. An allometric model linking TCC to tree stem crosssectional area (CSA) was developed, which allows to estimate tree biomass from remote sensing. The allometric models for the three main tree species found performed well and had r²-values of about 0.7–0.8.     

Multi-level filtering segmentation to measure individual tree parameters based on Lidar data: Application to a mountainous forest with heterogeneous stands

This paper presents a method for individual tree crown extraction and characterisation from a canopy surface model (CSM). The method is based on a conventional algorithm used for localising LM on a smoothed version of the CSM and subsequently for modelling the tree crowns around each maximum at the plot level. The novelty of the approach lies in the introduction of controls on both the degree of CSM filtering and the shape of elliptic crowns, in addition to a multi-filtering level crown fusion approach to balance omission and commission errors. The algorithm derives the total tree height and the mean crown diameter from the elliptic tree crowns generated. The method was tested and validated on a mountainous forested area mainly covered by mature and even-aged black pine (Pinus nigra ssp. nigra [Arn.]) stands. Mean stem detection per plot, using this method, was 73.97%. Algorithm performance was affected slightly by both stand density and heterogeneity (i.e. tree diameter classes’ distribution). The total tree height and the mean crown diameter were estimated with root mean squared error values of 1.83 m and 1.48 m respectively. Tree heights were slightly underestimated in flat areas and overestimated on slopes. The average crown diameter was underestimated by 17.46% on average.     

An annually resolved bristlecone pine carbon isotope chronology for the last millennium

We present the first near millennium-length, annually resolved stable isotope record from bristlecone pines (Pinus longaeva, D.K Bailey). The carbon isotope ratios from the cellulose of seven trees from the White Mountains of California, corrected for anthropogenic changes in atmospheric chemistry, are used to reconstruct growing season (June through August) precipitation back to AD 1085. Extremely negative isotope results are strongly correlated with proposed severest El Niño events over the last 500 yr, and similar values in the first half of the millennium are used to reconstruct a further 13 strong El Niño events, concentrated in the 12th Century and the mid 13th and 14th Centuries. Ring-width chronologies from adjacent sites in the White Mountains demonstrate a high degree of decadal covariance with the δ¹³C series, although there are several periods of notable divergence.     

Extending the Place Glacier mass-balance record to AD 1585, using tree rings and wood density

Recognizing that climate influences both annual tree-ring growth and glacier mass balance, changes in the mass balance of Place Glacier, British Columbia, were documented from increment core records. Annually resolved ring-width (RW), maximum (MXD), and mean density (MD) chronologies were developed from Engelmann spruce and Douglas-fir trees sampled at sites within the surrounding region. A snowpack record dating to AD 1730 was reconstructed using a multivariate regression of spruce MD and fir RW chronologies. Spruce MXD and RW chronologies were used to reconstruct winter mass balance (Bw) for Place Glacier to AD 1585. Summer mass balance (Bs) was reconstructed using the RW chronology from spruce, and net balance was calculated from Bw and Bs. The reconstructions provide insight into the changes that snowpack and mass balance have undergone in the last 400 years, as well as identifying relationships to air temperature and circulation indices in southern British Columbia. These changes are consistent with other regional mass-balance reconstructions and indicate that the persistent weather systems characterizing large scale climate-forcing mechanisms play a significant glaciological role in this region. A comparison to dated moraine surfaces in the surrounding region substantiates that the mass-balance shifts recorded in the proxy data are evident in the response of glaciers throughout the region.     

井群树状管网输水水力调节方式研究

在井群取水工程中,普遍存在各井泵和管网的匹配问题。通过对井群树状管网的运行分析,得出井群树状管网输水进行水力调节是必须的环节。经过对管网调节示例的研究,认为最适宜井群管网的调节方式是自动化控制调节,它可实施各种工况调节,以满足实际运行管理的需要。     

水杨酸对干旱下烤烟幼苗膜质和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以烤烟品种龙江911为材料,研究了叶面喷施水杨酸（SA）对干旱胁迫下烤烟幼苗叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光特性和细胞膜伤害程度的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫下烤烟幼苗叶片的膜系统受到了伤害,光合作用的原初反应和光能在两个光系统之间的分配发生了改变。叶面喷施0.5 mmol·L-1和1.0 mmol·L-1SA减轻了干旱引起的细胞膜丙二醛的增加,有效地保护了烤烟幼苗叶片的膜系统。同时,0.5 mmol·L-1和1.0 mmol·L-1SA减轻了干旱胁迫下叶绿素的分解,有效缓解干旱对类囊体膜和PSⅡ反应中心的伤害,增强了烤烟幼苗对干旱胁迫的适应能力,其最适宜的浓度为0.5～1.0 mmol·L-1。2.0 mmol·L-1SA对烤烟幼苗有一定的毒害作用。     

Hydrogeomorphic control on tree growth responses in the Elton area of the Cheshire Saltfield, UK

Increment cores were sampled from oak (Quercus robur) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior) growing at Elton, an area of the Cheshire Saltfield that has experienced significant subsidence and damage to the natural and built environments in the latter part of the twentieth century. Ring-width measurements for Elton trees permitted the construction of one main site chronology (Elton) and four sub chronologies (Elton A, Elton B, Elton C, Elton ASH). Ring-width difference between these and a control chronology identified periods of sustained growth reduction in oak trees commencing in AD 1859/1861, 1886 and 1934. Growth reductions after 1934 are related to watertable draw down caused by brine pumping from a concentration of nine boreholes at Elton, up to 2 km from tree sampling locations. Growth reductions in 1859/1861 and 1886 are likely to be the result of earlier phases of brine pumping in the Wheelock Valley, up to 5 km to the east of Elton, and these reductions correlate well with historic records of subsidence and pumping activity. Cessation of pumping in 1977 led to a lagged growth recovery in oak trees between 1981 and 1986, indicating that an artificial drought had been imposed on the Elton area for a period in excess off 100-y. This research demonstrates a hydrological separation of surface water and groundwater in an area where salt beds are overlain by till and that ring-width records of Q. robur can be used to reconstruct watertable variability and also the spatial impact of solution mining.     

基于决策树的矿产资源潜力制图模型

文中提出了一种基于决策树的矿产资源潜力制图模型.应用该模型生成矿产资源潜力分布图分三步完成:第一步,以找矿标志的空间分布图和已知矿点空间分布图为依据,提取训练样本;第二步,根据训练样本构建决策树矿产资源潜力制图模型;第三步,生成矿产资源潜力分布图.本文以新疆北部阿尔泰多金属成矿带为研究区,比较了该模型与合成有矿可信度等模型的找矿靶区圈定结果.两种模型的靶区圈定结果基本相同,证明了决策树矿产资源潜力制图模型的有效性.     

重庆丰都岩溶区植烟土壤肥力特征及综合评价研究

以重庆市丰都县植烟区石灰岩土壤为研究对象,通过野外调查采样和室内分析方法,并采用主成分分析法和模糊数学隶属度函数模型估算出土壤适宜性指数（SFI）,进而对土壤养分状况进行综合评价。结果表明:（1）该岩溶区植烟土壤pH多呈弱酸性至中性,有23.08 %的土壤样品pH低于5.00,这些土壤酸化问题较为突出;（2）有机质和氮含量丰富,78.85 %的土样有机质含量处在植烟所需的最适宜范围（15～30 g/kg）内,全部土样的碱解氮含量均在植烟所需的适宜范围（65～100 mg/kg）内,且变异系数仅为0.92 %;（3）土壤全磷表现出中至高含量水平（＞0.6 g/kg）,但土壤有效磷供应不足,20.93 %土样有效磷含量处在缺乏水平（＜10 mg/kg）以下;（4）土壤钾元素供应充足,全钾含量全部处于丰富或极丰富水平（＞25 g/kg）,超过81.84 %土样其速效钾含量处于植烟所需的适宜范围(＞150 mg/kg)内;（5）该岩溶区土壤肥力整体水平不高,仅15.38 %土样的综合肥力为较高水平（0.70＞SFI≥0.60),57.69 %为中低等水平（0.60＞SFI≥0.40),26.93 %为低水平(SFI≤0.40),这与岩溶地区土壤贫瘠且侵蚀退化严重、施肥不合理等因素有关。为此,建议科学耕作,抑制土壤侵蚀退化,同时通过撒施生石灰等调节土壤pH,并适当提高复合肥中磷素比例。