多尺度天气分析理论和应用Ⅱ:锋面和气旋的形成机制

利用多尺度天气分析理论,研究了锋面和气旋的形成机制.结果表明,冷、暖气团是由不同性质的亚微团在环境力的作用下向不同方向运动而形成的,而它们的交界面就是锋面.急流附近强动能梯度力能促进微团的分离,因此锋面与急流有很好的对应关系.另外,低空急流附近存在上干冷下暖湿的稳定气流,原因在于急流之上的能量梯度力与重力的方向相反,导致该区域微团所受到的作用力为零,形成稳定的结构.但当微团运动到急流出口处时,这种平衡不再存在,暖湿微团向上运动而干冷微团向下运动,形成剧烈的天气变化.地球自转所形成的离心力使得轻微团产生向北、向上的运动分量,导致极锋向北倾斜.气旋的形成同样是由亚微刚的分离而产生的.当轻微团离开微团,在绝对环境涡度场的作用下将发生旋转,旋转的方向与初始涡度的方向一致,在北半球地转涡度的垂直分量向上,为逆时针旋转,南半球为顺时针旋转.在气旋的形成过程中,轻亚微团在气压梯度力场和绝对涡度力的作用下呈现螺旋运动,是气旋系统普遍存在螺旋云带和雨带的原因.水汽是气旋在形成和加强过程中的基本能源,由于发生地的不同,温带气旋和台风在水汽输送方式上亦有差别:温带气旋主要依靠低空暖输送带进行水汽输送;台风因为发生在热带海洋,水汽充沛,各个层次都有水汽供应.气旋运动主要受三个力的制约:环境气压梯度场力、绝对涡度场力和环境涡度力,这三个力的作用导致台风在沿副热带高压边缘运动的同时,还存在蛇形路径和打转运动.     

我国国土综合开发整治研究的回顾与展望

改革开放以来,我国国土综合开发整治研究蓬勃发展。本文从国土综合开发整治的特点取得的重大进展,展望未来的发展方向。逐步形成具有中国特色的区域综合开发的理论体系,是地理工作者和其他国土工作者的任务。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Books reviewed in this article: Aerial Photography and Remote Sensing Aerial photography and image interpretation for Resource Management . DAVID P. PAINE . Analytical Models and Techniques Spatial Processes Models and Applications A. D. CLIFF AND J. K. ORD Quantitative and Statistical Approaches to Geography: A Practical Manual JOHN A. MATTHEWS . Cartography and Maps Map Data Processing . HERBERT FREEMAN AND GOFFREDO G. PIERONI , eds. Computer-assisted Cartography: Principles and Prospects, 1982 . MARK S. MONMONIER . Cultural Navajo Architecture: Forms, History, Distributions . STEPHEN C. JETT AND VIRGINIA E . SPENCER . Rational Landscapes and Humanistic Geography . EDWARD RELPH . Economic The Structure and Control of a State Economy . W. L. L'ESPERANCE . Economic Geography . JAMES O. WHEELER AND PETER O. MULLER . The Myth of the Family Farm: Agribusiness Dominance of U.S. Agriculture . INGOLF VOCELER . Libya: The Experience of Oil . J. A. ALLEN . Geography of Public Finance, Welfare Under Fiscal Federalism and local Government Finance . ROBERT BENNETT . Environmental Management, Resources, and Systems Mountains and Man . LARRY W. PRICE . Environmental Geology . DONALD R. COATES . An Introduction to Environmental Systems . G. H. DURY . The Environment: Chinese and American Views . Edited by LAURENCE J. C. MA AND ALLEN G. NOBLE . Land Use in America . RICHARD H. JACKSON . Medical Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Medical Geography . MELINDA S. MEADE (ed.). Philosophy and Geographic Thought Birds in Egg/Eggs in Bird . GUNNAR OLSSON . PhysicaI Climatology: Selected Applications . J. E. OLIVER . Geomorphological Techniques . ANDREW GOUDIE (ed.). Political Politics, Geography and Behaviour . RICHARD MUIR AND RONAN PADDISON . The State of the World Atlas . MICHAEL KIDRON AND RONALD SECAL . Population The Population of the South . DUDLEY L. POSTON , JR . AND ROBERT H. WELLER , eds. Regional Latin America: Economic Development and Regional Differentiation . ARTHUR MORRIS . Developing the Amazon . EMILIO F. MORAN . Western Europe: A Systematic Human Geography . BRIAN W. ILBERY . Settlement Systems in Sparsely Settled Regions: The United States and Australia . RICHARD E. LONSDALEAND JOHN H. HOLMES , eds. African Perspectives: The Economic Geography of Nine African States . HARM DE BUJ AND ESMOND MARTIN , eds. Rural Nonmetropolitan America in Transition . AMOS H. HAWLEY AND SARA MILLS MAZIE , eds. Social Crime and Environment . R. NORMAN DAVIDSON . The Ghetto: Readings with Interpretations . JOE T. DARDEN , ed. Urban Urban Problems and Planning in the Developed World . MICHAEL PACIONE (ed.) Problems and Planning in Third World Cities . Edited by MICHAEL PACIONE . The City in West Europe . D. BURTENSHAW , M. BATEMAN , AND C. J. ASHWORTH .     

关于地理环境的理解和运用问题

本文借助语言、逻辑知识,从“偏正结构”、“相关词义”、“派生概念”三方面,阐明了地理环境的确切含义和实际运用问题。笔者在分析、探讨地理环境问题时,提出了一些与当今辞书和重要著述相悖的定义。作者认为,长期以来,围绕地理环境及其派生概念“决定论”所开展的一切无端之争,除立场、观点和历史局限外,无不与下列问题的认识、理解不一有关:关于历史与现代决定论问题;关于决定与决定论问题;关于内外环境决定论问题。     

试论海洋经济地理学

作者认为海洋经济地理学属于经济地理学范畴,其研究对象为海洋产业布局,以及海洋经济体系的形成过程、结构特点和发展规律。海洋产业可分为传统的、新兴的和未来的三种,作者探讨了它们的内容及其与国民经济建设的关系。我国海洋经济地理学研究的重点,80年代以海岸带、90年代以海岛为主,以后将以大陆架和专属经济区为主。海洋经济地理学的研究方法以系统方法为主,文章结合作者住长山群岛的实践,阐述了海洋开发的若干问题,提出开展海洋经济地理研究的同时,要开展更广泛的海洋人文地理研究。     

The Tornado Hazard In Southern New England: History,Characteristics, Student And Teacher Perceptions

Abstract

People generally do not perceive New England to be tornado-prone. Yet, there is a long history of such storms in the six states going back to the late seventeenth century. Usually, New England tornadoes are small and short-lived; even so, some have caused many deaths and much property damage. There is a greater probability for a person to be affected by a tornado in southern New England than in much of the American Midwest. As building and population density increases, so does the hazard potential. Data from awareness surveys indicate that the lack of tornado knowledge remains a serious problem for teachers, students, and the public, and government information about such storms is not being widely disseminated.     

A Proposal for Assessment in Geography Education

Abstract

The geographic skills, as outlined in Geography for Life, provide an avenue for assessing students' work in geography. If used across the scope and sequence of the curriculum, a common scoring guide based on these skills offers opportunities for students to demonstrate their ability to use inquiry approaches to study geography and to improve those abilities over time and over different geographic questions. If used consistently, a geographic skills scoring guide can also help to communicate to a broader audience of parents, administration, and the public as to what the discipline of geography encompasses.     

国家1：50000基础地理信息数据库更新工程及实施

围家1：50000基础地理信息数据库更新工程是我国“十一五”初启动的重点测绘工程,历经5年多实现了对1：50000数据库的全面更新。本文重点介绍了更新工程的背景、主要内容、技术方法、组织实施及其所取得的主要成果。     

基于DEM的江西潦河流域河网信息提取方法

介绍了GIS环境下数字高程模型（DEM）的预处理、水流方向确定、汇流累积量确定、河网生成,以及其他水文信息提取的原理和方法;基于DEM对江西潦河流域进行河网提取和流域边界的划分,并对试验结果进行了比较和分析。结果表明,利用GIS空间分析功能,基于DEM提取的潦河中上游数字河网与实际河网基本吻合;DEM精度和汇流能力阈值对提取的河网精度有着明显的影响,对于中小流域的潦河来说,1：50000精度的DEM和汇流能力为1000的阈值可满足实际应用的要求;基于DEM和ArcGIS提取的数字化河网,其水文要素（如坡度等）可直接作为流域预报模型参数,不仅大大提高了模型的效率,而且还可以方便地利用遥感等数据源,数据获取快速且成本低。从宏观效果上看,利用现有的GIS软件,基于DEM数据提取河网、流域范围等水文信息,从提取效率和结果的精度来说都是切实可行的;从微观上讲,已有的算法还无法确保计算结果与某些特殊地形区域（如平坦区域）的实际河网一致。     

基础地理数据中心平台设计

基础地理数据中心建设是实现地理信息的交换与共享关键所在。本文提出了基础地理信息数据中心平台的总体架构,设计平台的基本功能,探讨了需解决和应用的关键技术。