黄土丘陵地貌形成模式与地貌演变

通过对陕西北部典型黄土丘陵区地貌调查,提出了黄土丘陵地貌形成模式,并对地貌演变进行了探讨。黄土高原原生黄土丘陵分布广泛,主要在下伏古丘陵基础上由黄土加积而成;次生黄土丘陵是黄土塬、黄土台塬等经沟谷侵蚀、改造而成。黄土丘陵区河流阶地和沟谷层状地貌反映了河流、沟谷的形成与演变。黄河一级支流形成于早更新世末;早中更新世末、晚中更新世初黄河一级支流和较大的二级支流形成了较完整的水系;中更新世末如韭园沟等较大的沟谷形成;晚更新世末河网、沟谷格局与现在已基本一致;尚未切入基岩的冲沟多形成于全新世;长度百米至数十米的切沟多是历史时期或近几十年来形成的。     

一种新的航空伽马能谱测量数据改正方法

在地形起伏较大的山区进行航空伽马能谱测量时,使用传统的方法做高度改正,往往造成不小的误差,为此笔者提出一种飞行高度与地形的同步改正的方法.该方法快捷简便,简单易行,较好地解决了上述难题.     

“Tali Glaciation” on Massif Diancang

The term of "Tali Glaciation" is nominated from Massif Diancang in Yunnan Province. The confusing process of the term's being put forward is confirmed through literature checking. Based on several times of field trip, the glacial landforms in this region are studied in detail, and the magnitude of the glaciation was determined. According to the numerical ages from TL, AMS 14C and OSL dating, the ear-liest glacial advance on Massif Diancang occurred at 30―40 ka BP, followed by the advances at the last stage of the last glaciation, the late glacial and neoglations in turn, until glaciers vanished at 1.2―1.5 ca. a BP in this region. It can be concluded that glaciers were limited above 3600 m a.s.l., and no glaciers existed on the lower part and adjacent mountains since the last glaciation.     

1∶100万数字地貌制图方法的实验——以昆明图幅(G-48)为例

数字地貌制图是地貌制图及其应用研究适应信息化发展的必然趋势。本文以昆明幅(G-48)地貌图为例,探讨在遥感与地理信息系统技术的支持下,中国1∶100万数字地貌制图的技术路线和方法,并结合昆明幅的具体地貌特征,重点分析数字地貌制图过程中的几个关键问题。分析结果表明:基于遥感与地理信息系统的数字地貌制图技术,不仅能提高地貌制图的效率,还能提高解译的质量和精度。     

金沙江“长江第一湾”段河谷地貌、沉积与发育

"长江第一湾"位于青藏高原东南边缘及其向云贵高原过渡的边缘地带,金沙江在该区深深切割了青藏高原东南边缘。按照河谷地貌与沉积特征,其宗—大具段金沙江可划分为其宗—下落鱼段、虎跳峡段和大具盆地段。详细描述了各河段的地貌与第四纪沉积特征,并根据同位素年龄等数据讨论了河流沉积物、湖相沉积物及冰川与冰水沉积物,特别是河谷中厚达150~250m的埋藏沉积物的成因与形成时代。在此基础上,讨论了研究区及邻区自中新世以来的金沙江河谷发育与青藏高原隆升问题。     

甘肃省红层与丹霞地貌研究的回顾与展望

甘肃省新近系—侏罗系碎屑岩红色或杂色地层（俗称红层）分布广泛,在漫长的地质演化过程中形成了众多造型多样的丹霞地貌,呈现出较高的科研、美学及地学旅游价值。受社会经济条件的制约,关于甘肃省红层和丹霞地貌多数景观尚“处在深闺人未识”的境界。文章在梳理红层与丹霞地貌概念、甘肃省的分布特征的基础上,概略回顾丹霞地貌景观的研究过程、取得的主要成果及开发利用现状,深入总结当前存在的主要问题,提出全面查清特色地质旅游资源家底、扩大优质旅游产品供给渠道,在保护前提下进行适度开发的建议,以期为当前社会经济发展服务,不断推动甘肃省生态文明建设。     

江苏省废弃矿山旅游资源开发利用探析

随着我国生态环境建设的加快和经济的转型,一些矿山逐渐被禁止开采,废弃矿山的残垣断壁不仅严重地影响了周边的自然风貌及生态环境,而且极易诱发滑坡、崩塌、泥石流、地面塌陷等地质灾害。目前,废弃矿山的综合修复及再利用已成为我国政府和公众关注的焦点。江苏省近20年积极探索废弃矿山旅游资源开发道路,建设了南京冶山矿山公园、牛首山佛顶宫、徐州潘安湖湿地公园等特色景点,形成废弃矿山治理工程的一大特色。本文通过江苏省废弃矿山旅游开发现状的综合分析,总结出以旅游价值识别要素、开发模式及景观营造方法为核心的废弃矿山旅游资源开发模式,同时给出了目前江苏省废弃矿山旅游产业存在的问题,并从景观营造、品牌建设、旅游管理方面提出解决问题的建议,旨在促进废弃矿山旅游产业的发展。     

江苏省废弃矿山旅游资源开发利用探析

随着我国生态环境建设的加快和经济的转型,一些矿山逐渐被禁止开采,废弃矿山的残垣断壁不仅严重地影响了周边的自然风貌及生态环境,而且极易诱发滑坡、崩塌、泥石流、地面塌陷等地质灾害。目前,废弃矿山的综合修复及再利用已成为我国政府和公众关注的焦点。江苏省近20年积极探索废弃矿山旅游资源开发道路,建设了南京冶山矿山公园、牛首山佛顶宫、徐州潘安湖湿地公园等特色景点,形成废弃矿山治理工程的一大特色。本文通过江苏省废弃矿山旅游开发现状的综合分析,总结出以旅游价值识别要素、开发模式及景观营造方法为核心的废弃矿山旅游资源开发模式,同时给出了目前江苏省废弃矿山旅游产业存在的问题,并从景观营造、品牌建设、旅游管理方面提出解决问题的建议,旨在促进废弃矿山旅游产业的发展。     

Post‐mining landform evolution modelling: 2. Effects of vegetation and surface ripping

Computer simulations of the topographic evolution of the proposed post‐mining rehabilitated landform for the ERA Ranger Mine, showed that for the unvegetated and unripped case, the landform at 1000 years would be dissected by localized erosion valleys (maximum depth = 7·6 m) with fans (maximum depth = 14·8 m) at the outlet of the valleys. Valley form simulated by SIBERIA has been recognized in nature. This indicates that SIBERIA models natural processes efficiently. For the vegetated and ripped case, reduced valley development (maximum 1000 year depth = 2·4m) and deposition (maximum 1000 year depth = 4·8m) occurred in similar locations as for the unvegetated and unripped case (i.e. on steep batter slopes and in the central depression areas of the landform). For the vegetated and ripped condition, simulated maximum valley depth in the capping over the tailings containment structure was c. 2·2 m. By modelling valley incision, decisions can be made on the depth of tailings cover required to prevent tailings from being exposed to the environment within a certain time frame. A reduction in thickness of 1 m of capping material over tailings equates to c. 1 000 000 Mm³ over a 1 km² tailings dam area. This represents a saving of c. $1 500 000 in earthworks alone. Incorporation of SIBERIA simulations in the design process may result in cost reduction while improving confidence in environmental protection mechanisms. Copyright 2000 © Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist, Commonwealth of Australia.     

Erosion processes and landform evolution on agricultural land — new perspectives from caesium-137 measurements and topographic-based erosion modelling

Despite growing interest in soil erosion on agricultural land, relatively little attention has been paid to the influence of erosion processes on the pattern of contemporary landform evolution. This in part reflects the problems associated with up-scaling the results of short-term process studies to temporal and spatial scales relevant to the study of landform evolution. This paper presents a new approach to examining the influence of erosion processes on landform evolution on agricultural land which employs: caesium-137 (¹³⁷Cs) measurements to provide medium-term (c. 40 years) estimates of rates of landform change; experimental data and a topographic-based model to simulate soil redistribution by tillage; a mass-balance model of ¹³⁷Cs redistribution to separate the water erosion and tillage components of the ¹³⁷Cs ‘signatures’; and field observations of water erosion for validation. This approach is used to examine the relative importance of water erosion and tillage processes for contemporary landform evolution at contrasting sites near Leuven, in Belgium, and near Yanan, in Shaanxi Province, China. This application of the approach provides good agreement between the derived water erosion rates and field observations, and hitherto unobtainable insights into medium-term patterns and rates of contemporary landform evolution. At Huldenberg in Belgium, despite rill incision of slope concavities and ephemeral gully incision of the valley floor, contemporary landform evolution is dominated by infilling of slope and valley concavities (rates >0.5 mm a⁻¹) and gradual lowering of slope angles as a result of tillage. In contrast, at Ansai (near Yanan) the slope is characterized by increase in slope angle over most of the length, recession of the steepest section at a rate >5 mm a⁻¹ and by increasing planform curvature. At this site, contemporary landform evolution is dominated by water erosion. The constraints on the approach are examined, with particular attention being given to limitations on extrapolation of the results and to the sensitivity of the models to parameter variation. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.