中国天山山区235 a气候变化及降水趋势预测

  利用4个降水重建序列与天山山区10个气象站降水变化的响应关系,重建了天山山区近235 a来气候变化的年降水序列,重建序列的方差解释量达到47.7%。对过去235 a天山山区气候变化中降水变化的特征分析发现：降水大致经历了7干7湿的变化阶段,其中偏湿年份为124 a,多于偏干年份;天山山区的降水量以2.1 a、3.0 a、5.8 a、6.0 a的高频变化和24~25 a的低频变化周期最为显著。研究表明,近百年天山山区气候变化中的降水变化分为两个阶段,20世纪初到80年代,降水量逐渐减少,导致冰川退缩、河流径流量减少、湖泊萎缩、沙漠面积增大、植被覆盖率减少;80年代后期至今,降水量迅速增加,导致河川径流量增加、湖泊面积增大和沙尘暴日数减少,生态环境趋于好转,但同时造成洪水和地质灾害频繁。采用基于方差分析的周期叠加方法对天山山区未来23 a气候变化中降水的演变趋势进行预测,结果表明：未来23 a气候变化中天山山区以湿润为主,期间有部分年份可能较常年干旱。     

近30年我国气候变化的不稳定性及其与农业生产的关系

引入信息论中熵值分析方法，利用全国七大区１９６１－１９９０年的气象和产量资料，讨论了近年平均气温，最高气温，最低气温和降水量的熵值时空变化类型。详细分析了我国气候变化的不稳定性，在此基础上，定性讨论了气候波动与农业气象灾害的关系及其对农业产量的影响，并分区建立了产量与气象要素熵的回归模型。     

兰州站气候资料序列均一性的初步分析

气候资料的均一性是研究气候变化的前提条件。以兰州站为例,应用SNHT方法对该站的气候资料序列进行均一性检验,首先对降水、平均气温、最高气温、最低气温、平均风速和日照时数几个气象要素进行非均一性检验,然后根据历史台站沿革等元数据信息进行原因分析。结果表明,兰州站平均风速资料与其邻站相关系数低,未通过显著性检验。降水、气温、最高气温、最低气温、日照与邻站的相关系数都达到99％的显著水平,且都存在不均一性,其原因主要有台站的迁移、仪器的更换、统计方法的变化以及城市热岛效应等,完整详细的元数据信息是均一性研究的重要基础。     

Multi-year Simulations and Experimental Seasonal Predictions for Rainy Seasons in China by Using a Nested Regional Climate Model (RegCM_NCC). Part Ⅰ: Sensitivity Study

A modified version of the NCAR/RegCM2 has been developed at the National Climate Center (NCC), China Meteorological Administration, through a series of sensitivity experiments and multi-year simulations and hindcasts, with a special emphasis on the adequate choice of physical parameterization schemes suitable for the East Asian monsoon climate. This regional climate model is nested with the NCC/IAP (Institute of Atmospheric Physics) T63 coupled GCM to make an experimental seasonal prediction for China and East Asia. The four-year (2001 to 2004) prediction results are encouraging. This paper is the first part of a two-part paper, and it mainly describes the sensitivity study of the physical process parameterization represented in the model. The systematic errors produced by the different physical parameterization schemes such as the land surface processes, convective precipitation, cloud-radiation transfer process, boundary layer process and large-scale terrain features have been identified based on multi-year and extreme flooding event simulations. A number of comparative experiments has shown that the mass flux scheme (MFS) and Betts-Miller scheme (BM) for convective precipitation, the LPMI (land surface process model I) and LPMII (land surface process model Ⅱ) for the land surface process, the CCM3 radiation transfer scheme for cloud-radiation transfer processes, the TKE (turbulent kinetic energy) scheme for the boundary layer processes and the topography treatment schemes for the Tibetan Plateau are suitable for simulations and prediction of the East Asia monsoon climate in rainy seasons. Based on the above sensitivity study, a modified version of the RegCM2 (RegCM_NCC) has been set up for climate simulations and seasonal predictions.     

Characteristics and variations of the East Asian monsoon system and its impacts on climate disasters in China

Recent advances in studies of the structural characteristics and temporal-spatial variations of the East Asian monsoon （EAM） system and the impact of this system on severe climate disasters in China are reviewed. Previous studies have improved our understanding of the basic characteristics of horizontal and vertical structures and the annual cycle of the EAM system and the water vapor transports in the EAM region. Many studies have shown that the EAM system is a relatively independent subsystem of the Asian- Australian monsoon system, and that there exists an obvious quasi-biennial oscillation with a meridional tripole pattern distribution in the interannual variations of the EAM system. Further analyses of the basic physical processes, both internal and external, that influence the variability of the EAM system indicate that the EAM system may be viewed as an atmosphere-ocean-land coupled system, referred to the EAM climate system in this paper. Further, the paper discusses how the interaction and relationships among various components of this system can be described through the East Asia Pacific （EAP） teleconnection pattern and the teleconnection pattern of meridional upper-tropospheric wind anomalies along the westerly jet over East Asia. Such reasoning suggests that the occurrence of severe floods in the Yangtze and Hualhe River valleys and prolonged droughts in North China are linked, respectively~ to the background interannual and interdecadal variability of the EAM climate system. Besides, outstanding scientific issues related to the EAM system and its impact on climate disasters in China are also discussed.     

长株潭旅游一体化研究

依托长株潭经济一体化,推行旅游一体化,将3市联合起来,把旅游经济做大、做强,形成一个增长极,带动全省旅游经济的腾飞,这是湖南旅游经济发展的必然趋势与选择.文中探讨了长株潭旅游一体化的基本内涵,并在客观分析3市旅游资源优势和旅游业发展现状的基础上,提出了3市旅游一体化的发展战略.     

当代气候研究计划

就气候系统问题，国际上与气候及其变化有关的重要科学计划、尤其是气候变化及可预报性研究（CLIVAR）计划，作了简要介绍，同时还就气候预测问题作了讨论。     

Seasonally Hypersaline Estuaries in Mediterranean-climate Regions

Data collected in three Californian estuaries indicate that hypersaline conditions exist during the dry summers typical of a Mediterranean climate. The generalised seasonal and longitudinal hydrographic structures are described and explained. It is argued that this seasonal hypersalinity is common and that it represents a major class of estuaries. The observed accumulation of salt indicates surprisingly long residence times in small basins which have free exchange with the ocean. This semi-isolation of the inner basin leads to a large build-up or severe depletion of nutrients, pollutants and plankton in these systems. Of concern are the trends to increase pollutant loading in the same systems that are experiencing an increase in residence times owing to freshwater extraction in the watershed.     

植被变化对中国区域气候影响的数值模拟研究

用高分辨率区域气候模式(RegCM-NCC)模拟了中国区域植被发生改变后引起的局地或区域气候变化。结果表明:大范围区域植被变化对区域降水、温度的影响非常显著,内蒙古地区土地荒漠化可导致中国北方大部分地区降水减少,尤其加剧了华北、西北地区的干旱,西北地区绿化有利于黄河流域降水增加,而长江流域和江南地区降水却有不同程度的减少,因此可在一定程度上减少这里的洪涝灾害;气温的变化比降水更显著,植被退化使当地气温明显升高,使中、低层大气变得干燥,近地层风速加大,而植树造林却使当地及周围地区冬偏暖、夏偏凉,大气变得湿润,近地层风速减小,有利于在一定程度上减少沙尘暴的发生。另外,植被变化对东亚冬、夏季风强度也有一定程度的影响,从而影响到中国东部地区降水的分布和冬季低温、冷害事件发生的强度。     

优化K means算法在中国近海气候区划中的应用

利用我国近海多年的风、浪及温湿资料,采用DB指标和最大距离法相结合的优化K-means聚类算法,对冬季我国近海进行气候区划,避免了传统K-means算法中确定聚类数目和初始聚类中心的主观性。结果表明,冬季我国近海可被划分为3个区域:1区主要包括28°N以北的海域以及我国东南沿海的一条狭长区域,2区主要包括台湾周边海域、台湾海峡、巴士海峡以及自越南东南部起由西南部向东北部的南海大部分海域,3区则主要包括台湾岛西南部海域、北部湾、广东沿海以及南海东南部。根据给出的区划指标,分析各分区的气候特征及其对海上舰船航行和出海人员的影响,判定1区为基本适宜区,2区为不适宜区,3区为适宜区。