云南境内澜沧江流域土地利用时空变化特征及动因分析

    澜沧江-湄公河是一条集内河、界河、国际河流为一体的河流。云南境内澜沧江流域涉及云南西部 7个地州39个县市。复杂的地形地貌结构和多种气候带,形成植被垂直分布和地域分布的特点,呈现出多样性变化特征;域内94％为山区;占流域人口83％的民族（18个少数民族）大分散小聚居立体分布在山区,土地资源一直是他们赖以生存的最主要的生产生活资料,不同民族土地利用习俗,使流域内土地利用格局呈现出多元化特征。在这样一个边疆山区民族地区,寻求一条多元民族文化下土地资源合理利用和可持续发展战略,是加强民族团结,寻求均等发展机会脱贫致富,实现各民族共同繁荣和富裕的关键。
    采用遥感（RS）、地理信息系统（GIS）、全球卫星定位系统（GPS）高新技术,典型地区启用了快速农村评估（PRA,RapidRuralAppraise）方法,对流域1990年、1998年土地利用现状及空间结构演变进行了时空动态叠合研究、森林土地时空动态的整体演变研究以及变化动因分析,在此基础上,就多元民族文化下土地利用人地系统演变和流域发展的关联问题,提出一些看法,仅供商榷。     

平原河网区域来水组成原理

对于一般树状分布河网，上一级河道总是汇入至下一级河道，位于河道下游断面的流量总是由其上游汇集而至。但对于平原河网地区，特别是人工控制建筑物众多，又受潮汐影响的地区(如太湖流域)，河网错综复杂，水流方向不定，要跟踪某个断面的水流去向，或某个河段的水体、断面流量是从哪里汇集而来的，非常困难。但这样的问题在生产实践中往往对其很感兴趣。例如从常熟枢纽引长江水流进入望虞河后，流向何处?河网各断面流量中或各河段水体中常熟枢纽引江水量占多少比重?对这些问题的研究可以估计常熟枢纽引江的效果和影响范围。因此，平原河网区域来水组成方法在生产实践中具有重要意义。重点介绍了平原河网区域来水组成原理及其在太湖流域的应用。     

安宁河流域生态地质环境综合开发与保护

通过历时两年的安宁河流域生态环境地质调查，在阐述安宁河流域生态地质环境开发与保护原则的基础上，探讨了生态地质环境对流域经济发展的影响，开展了生态地质环境综合开发与保护区划及其开发模式分析，最后提出了生态地质环境综合开发与保护的基本对策及建议。     

国际河流水文站网布局规划方法研究

随着近年来我国与周边国家在国际河流水资源利用与保护方面的合作工作的不断加强，以及边疆地区经济建设步伐的加快，国际河流水文资料收集，分析等基础工作显得越来越重要。为此，针对国际河流地区水文站点稀少，设施设备落后，监测能力薄弱的现实情况，水利部水文局组织编制了国际河流水文站网建设总体规划。简要介绍了该规划中有关国际河流的调查情况与规划河流的选择方法，说明了划定规划区范围的一般性原则和特殊性原则，提出了水文站网布局规划的思路，目标，原则与方法等。     

Rivers, chemical weathering and Earth's climate

We detail the results of recent studies describing and quantifying the large-scale chemical weathering of the main types of continental silicate rocks: granites and basalts. These studies aim at establishing chemical weathering laws for these two lithologies, describing the dependence of chemical weathering on environmental parameters, such as climate and mechanical erosion. As shown within this contribution, such mathematical laws are of primary importance for numerical models calculating the evolution of the partial pressure of atmospheric CO₂ and the Earth climate at geological timescales. The major results can be summarized as follow: (1) weathering of continental basaltic lithologies accounts for about 30% of the total consumption of atmospheric CO₂ through weathering of continental silicate rocks. This is related to their high weatherability (about eight times greater than the granite weatherability); (2) a simple weathering law has been established for basaltic lithologies, giving the consumption of atmospheric CO₂ as a function of regional continental runoff, and mean annual regional temperature; (3) no such simple weathering law can be proposed for granitic lithologies, since the effect of temperature can only be identified for regions displaying high continental runoff; (4) a general law relating mechanical erosion and chemical weathering has been validated on small and large catchments. The consequences of these major advances on the climatic evolution of the Earth are discussed. Particularly, the impacts of the onset of the Deccan trapps and the Himalayan orogeny on the global carbon cycle are reinvestigated. To cite this article: B. Dupré et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

河流生态系统结构功能整体性概念模型

在完善与整合现有河流生态系统结构功能概念及模型的基础上,提出河流生态系统结构功能整体性概念模型。水文情势、水力条件和地貌景观格局是对河流生态系统结构与功能具有关键影响的3大生境要素,结构功能模型的核心是建立以3大生境要素为构架的生命支持系统与河流生命系统之间的相互作用和相互制约关系,同时考虑由于人类活动引起生境要素变化对于河流生态系统的影响。河流生态系统结构功能整体性概念模型由以下4种模型组成:河流四维连续体模型、水文情势-河流生态过程耦合模型、水力条件-生物生活史特征适宜模型以及地貌景观空间异质性-生物群落多样性关联模型,这4种模型的一体化整合,基本概括了河流生态系统结构功能的整体特征。     

滇藏铁路沿线滇藏交界段劈理化带成因探讨及工程效应分析

滇藏铁路沿线滇藏交界段劈理化带是新近发现的与高山峡谷区河流岸坡密切相关的介于劈理与节理之间的密集破裂构造型式.我们对劈理化带进行了较全面的调查、测绘、统计和分析,由此得出,劈理化带呈带状断续分布,规模与河流岸坡规模有关,在金沙江和澜沧江岸坡地带规模巨大,并与微地貌关系密切.另外,"劈理"具有倾角陡、不均匀等特点,"劈理"走向往往与河流方向一致.劈理化带是在内、外动力相互作用下形成,内动力作用可以形成劈理化带,在内动力作用的基础上,河谷地带的外动力作用也可以形成劈理化带,内、外动力对劈理化带均有后期改造作用.拟建的滇藏铁路将通过许多劈理化带,那里将来可能产生铁路地基大变形、隧道和桥梁大变形、隧道冒顶、隧道渗漏和发生滑坡、崩塌、泥石流灾害.因此,在将来铁路等工程建设和运营中要采取针对性防治措施.     

Numerical study on salinity stratification in the Pamlico River Estuary

The variations of current circulation, salt intrusion, and vertical stratification under different river flow and wind conditions in the Pamlico River Estuary (PRE) were investigated in this paper using a three-dimensional numerical model. The model was calibrated and verified against water level variation, temperature, and salinity variations during 2003 and 2001, respectively. Eight sensitivity tests were conducted with different river flow and wind conditions specified in the model. Model results show that salinity intruded further upstream under scenarios with low flow, downriver local wind, and remote-wind-caused water level set-up conditions. In contrast, the responses of salinity stratification to different environmental forcing functions were different in different portions of the estuary. Salinity stratification was enhanced under high flow condition at the lower part of the estuary, under upriver wind near the river mouth, under downriver wind at the upstream to middle portion of the estuary, and under remote-wind-caused water level set-up condition at the majority of the estuary except near the river mouth. Model results also show that across-channel wind tended to reduce salt intrusion and salinity stratification in the PRE through increased vertical mixing.     

九龙江流域水葫芦打捞去除水体营养盐模型研究

水葫芦被收获时,水体中的营养盐也将包含在植物组织中而被去除.本研究首先通过野外实验和参考国内外有关文献,建立了九龙江流域水葫芦生长数学模型和持续生产模型,确定了模型的各有关参数:水葫芦生长容量K值为25.6 kg/m2、最大生长速率rmax为0.12d-1;水体中氮和磷的半饱和系数hN和hP值分别为0.2和0.03;水葫芦最低生长温度(mθin)为7℃,最适水温(oθpt)为30℃,最高生长温度(θmax)为40℃.随后采用所建立的模型计算了研究区水葫芦打捞的营养盐去除效果,研究区面积6 000m2的水体实施水葫芦打捞策略后,1a所能收获的水葫芦最大产量为9.18×105kg,去除的TP为214.4kg,TN为966.6kg.     

Announcements

Abstract

This paper investigates for a 25-year period the sediment distribution in a semi-arid Brazilian basin (2 × 10⁴ km²) with a network containing more than 4000 surface reservoirs. The methodology is based on rating curves and fitted parameters derived from field data. The results showed that suspended load corresponded to 70% of the total sediment yield (148 t km^-2 year^-1). The relatively low contribution of the suspended load (compared with other semi-arid regions) was attributed to the impact of the numerous upstream reservoirs, which retained 235 t km^-2 year^-1. The micro (<1 hm³), small (1–10 hm³), medium-sized (10–50 hm³), and large or strategic (>50 hm³) reservoirs responded to, respectively, 5, 17, 30 and 48% of the total sediment retention by the reservoir network. This indicates that retention in the non-strategic reservoirs has a positive impact on water availability, since siltation of the strategic reservoirs would be expected to more than double if only such reservoirs existed.

Citation Lima Neto, I. E., Wiegand, M. C. &; de Araújo, J. C. (2011) Sediment redistribution due to a dense reservoir network in a large semi-arid Brazilian basin. Hydrol. Sci. J. 56(2), 319–333.