潮滩演变规律在围堤选线中的应用——以江苏辐射沙洲内缘区为例

滩涂围垦是沿海地区耕地占补平衡的重要手段。如何进行合理的围堤选线,尽可能减小围堤对潮滩水沙环境的影响,使匡围后的潮滩演变不影响海堤安全,是围海工程设计时必须考虑的问题。以江苏辐射沙洲内缘区仓东垦区匡围工程为例,运用潮滩均衡态概念框架,对条子泥西侧岸滩平均高潮位点变化、师地岛形成及潮沟活动性等潮滩演变特征及趋势进行了分析,并重点探讨了其在围堤选线中的应用。     

防波堤损坏特点与其成因的关系

利用日本《被灾防波堤集览》、葡萄牙锡尼斯防波堤、日本六小河原港防波堤、中国大连渔港、台湾基隆港等61件典型损坏案例及其它参考文献所涉及的140余件案例,讨论了防波堤损坏平面形态与断面部位的特征。根据防波堤损坏特点,从波浪水动力学特性、结构、地基和施工多方面分析了损坏原因与损坏特性之间的关系,从而深化对防波堤工作机理的认识。     

Hydrodynamics of salt marsh creek systems: Implications for marsh morphological development and material exchange

Integrated ebb-aligned drainage systems are a feature of tide-dominated marshes, and are generally regarded as major conduits for material exchange. In north Norfolk, highly unsteady creek flows exhibit well-developed velocity and stress transients which result from the discontinuous nature of the tidal prism and the interaction of shallow water tidal inputs with hydraulically rough vegetated surfaces. Marsh morphological development is governed by a form-process feedback, in the sense that the marsh surface acts as a topographic threshold separating the depositional regime of below-marsh tides from the erosional (ebb-dominated) regime of over-marsh tides. Vertical marsh growth results in increasing intermittency of creek sediment transport. Furthermore, velocity transients are associated with large discharges which must be allowed for in material flux computations. Creek flux measurements are not in themselves sufficient to estimate total material budgets, since a large proportion of tidal exchange may take place via the marsh edge. Such studies should focus instead on direct measurement of marsh surface processes. These findings have relevance beyond this back-barrier setting to marshes of different geometry, occupying a broad range of the tidal energy spectrum.     

Interaction mechanisms among waves,currents and a submerged plate

Wave-induced loads on a submerged plate, representative of submerged breakwater, coastal-bridge deck and a certain type of wave energy converter, in a uniform current are investigated in this study using fully nonlinear numerical wave tanks (NWTs) based on potential flow theory. The coupling effect of wave and current is explored, and the underlying interaction mechanisms of the hydrodynamic forces are described. The presence of a background current modifies the frequency dispersion. It produces changes of the water-surface elevation, and also has an effect on wave-induced loads. Depending on the nonlinearity, higher harmonic wave components are generated above the submerged plate. These contribute to the wave forces. It is found that the horizontal and the vertical force, hence the moment, are affected in the opposite way by the currents. The Doppler shifted effect dominates the vertical force and the moment on the plate. Whereas, the Doppler shifted effect and the generation of higher wave harmonics play opposite roles on the horizontal forces. The contribution of 2^nd order harmonics is found to be up to 30% of the linear component. The current-induced drag force, represented by the advection term ρU∂φ/∂x in the pressure equation, is found to lead to a decrease in the moment for the most range of wavelengths considered, and an increase in the moment for a small range of longer waves.     

Topographical Mapping of a Bare Tidal Flat Outside a Mangrove Area based on the Waterline Method and an Iterative Hydrodynamic Model: A Case Study of Yingluo Bay,South China

A change in the elevation of bare tidal flats outside a mangrove area is an indispensable factor for the sustainable development of mangroves. Waterline extraction, as an effective and economical tool used in reconstructing the terrain of an intertidal zone, has been widely applied to open-coast tidal flats by constructing a digital elevation model (DEM). However, mangrove wetlands are usually located in wave-sheltered sites, such as estuaries and bays that have narrow tidal channels flanked by tidal flats. Changes in water level are affected by the dry-wet processes of complex landforms caused by tides. This article takes as a study case the area of Yingluo Bay, which covers the core region of the Zhanjiang and Shankou National Mangrove National Nature Reserve in southwestern China. Waterline extraction based on seventeen multisource and multispectral satellite images obtained from December 2014 to April 2015, combining the finite-volume coastal ocean model (FVCOM) hydrodynamic model in an iterative process, was used to generate a topographical map of the bare tidal flat outside the mangrove area in Yingluo Bay. The quality of the iterative DEMs was evaluated via six transects of a ground-based survey using Real - time kinematic (RKT) GPS in May 2015. The mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) of the DEM decreased with an increase in the number of iterations. In this study, the DEM in the third iteration was used as the final output because the difference from the previous iterative DEM satisfied an inversion-stopping criterion. The MAE and RMSE of the final DEM with the measured data were 0.072 and 0.09?m, respectively, without considering small tidal creeks. The method used in this study can be an effective and highly precise approach for detecting and reconstructing the historical terrain of a bare tidal flat outside a mangrove area. This work also has great importance regarding intertidal resource management and the sustainable development of mangroves facing the vulnerable coastal ecological environment.     

长江口外潮汐精细化模型研究与精度分析

长江口外海上测量除受风浪影响较大外,最重要的问题是潮位控制非常困难。文中简要阐述了开展长江口外潮汐精细化模型研究的方法,介绍了利用潮汐精细化模型对长江口外航路任意点进行潮汐预报的方法,并通过实测数据进行了精度分析,提出了建议。     

胶州湾潮余流和物质输送之间的关系

基于MIKE21的HD模型,通过模拟得到胶州湾的潮流场,胶州湾在涨急时最大流速1.04m/s,落急时最大流速约为0.96m/s。胶州湾余流总体较小,平均为0.03m/s左右。并在湾内不同位置释放自由粒子,以MIKE21的Particle tracking模型计算出其在潮流作用下的运移轨迹,结果表明粒子大多数运移到湾内近岸区域,少部分在湾口区域附近;在潮流场基础上计算了欧拉余流场,并和粒子运移结果进行对比,表明欧拉余流场在区域流向比较一致时可以表示粒子运动的趋势,为物质迁移、控制污染等方面提供了一定的参考借鉴意义。     

长江河口南汇嘴潮滩近期演变分析

南汇嘴潮滩位于长江口和杭州湾的交汇地带,受长江口和杭州湾北岸两股潮流的控制,近年来由于低潮滩促淤围垦工程导致其水流和泥沙运移、沉积和地貌发生了显著的变化。根据近期水文泥沙观测资料及1993年、1998年、2003年、2005年的实测地形图资料,分析了南汇嘴潮滩近期演变特征。研究结果表明:1993-1998年为淤涨期;1998-2003年为冲淤调整期;2003-2005年呈现向外淤涨的趋势。而造成这一趋势的原因主要包括潮滩海洋动力作用、长江入海泥沙变化及近岸海岸工程建设等。     

A two-dimensional finite volume hydrodynamic model for coastal areas: Model development and validation

A two dimensional implicit finite volume scheme for solving the shallow-water equations is developed. The effects of the Coriolis force, surface wind stress, and waves are included. A non-uniform rectilinear forward staggered grid is used with Cartesian coordinates. The time integration is performed using the Euler implicit technique. The convective flux is treated using the deferred correction method. The viscous terms are discretized using a second order central difference approximation. The SIMPLE (Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked Equations) algorithm is used for coupling the velocity components and the water elevation gradient for the water level correction. The system of equations is solved sequentially using the Strongly Implicit Procedure (SIP). To simulate wave driven current, a phase averaged wave model is used first to simulate wave transformation and calculate radiation stresses. The performance of the developed model is validated for different sources of external forces and different combinations of boundary conditions. The validation cases include tidal circulation in a harbor and wave induced currents behind a breakwater parallel to the coastline. The model is finally applied to simulate the flow pattern in a closed artificial lagoon and along the coastline near Damietta Port located along the Northern coast of Egypt. Results of the developed model agree well with the published results for the considered cases.     

苏北潮滩的近期变化分析

利用1999～2000年条子泥岸滩剖面实测数据和1982～1983年东沙沙滩剖面资料,分析了条子泥岸滩和东沙沙滩剖面的冲淤变化。结果表明,条子泥陆侧岸滩剖面的季节性变化特点是夏季侵蚀,冬季淤积;东沙沙脊年际变化特点为两侧边缘以侵蚀为主,而沙脊中央则以淤积为主。造成条子泥岸滩剖面季节性差异的主要原因是其周围海域中高浓度悬沙的秋、冬季落淤大于夏季所致。东沙沙脊东西两侧强烈的潮流和波浪作用使沙脊的两侧遭受较为明显的侵蚀。