High-resolution methane profiles across anoxic brine–seawater boundaries in the Atlantis-II, Discovery, and Kebrit Deeps (Red Sea)

A decrease in temperature (ΔT up to 45.5 °C) and chloride concentration (ΔCl up to 4.65 mol/l) characterises the brine–seawater boundary in the Atlantis-II, Discovery, and Kebrit Deeps of the Red Sea, where redox conditions change from anoxic to oxic over a boundary layer several meters thick. High-resolution (100 cm) profiles of the methane concentration, stable carbon isotope ratio of methane, and redox-sensitive tracers (O₂, Mn⁴⁺/Mn²⁺, Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺, and SO₄²⁻) were measured across the brine–seawater boundary layer to investigate methane fluxes and secondary methane oxidation processes.

Substantial amounts of thermogenic hydrocarbons are found in the deep brines (mostly methane, with a maximum concentration up to 4.8×10⁵ nmol/l), and steep methane concentration gradients mainly controlled by diffusive flow characterize the brine–seawater boundary (maximum of 2×10⁵ nmol/l/m in Kebrit Deep). However, locally the actual methane concentration profiles deviate from theoretical diffusion-controlled concentration profiles and extremely positive δ¹³C–CH₄ values can be found (up to +49‰ PDB in the Discovery Deep). Both, the actual CH₄ concentration profiles and the carbon-13 enrichment in the residual CH₄ of the Atlantis-II and Discovery Deeps indicate consumption (oxidation) of ¹²C-rich CH₄ under suboxic conditions (probably utilizing readily available—up to 2000 μmol/l—Mn(IV)-oxihydroxides as electron acceptor). Thus, a combined diffusion–oxidation model was used to calculate methane fluxes of 0.3–393 kg/year across the brine–seawater boundary layer. Assuming steady-state conditions, this slow loss of methane from the brines into the Red Sea bottom water reflects a low thermogenic hydrocarbon input into the deep brines.     

Response of the soft coral Heteroxenia fuscescens to ultraviolet radiation regimes as reflected by mycosporine-like amino acid biosynthesis

The variation in mycosporine‐like amino acid (MAA) concentration in the soft coral Heteroxenia fuscescens in relation to changes in ultraviolet radiation (UVR) regimes was investigated at the Gulf of Eilat, northern Red Sea. Solar radiation (300–700 nm) was measured for different depths and seasons. The UVR irradiance was measured to a depth of 25 m on the reef. The mean attenuation coefficient for UV‐B measured in winter was twofold that of the summer value. Separation of H. fuscescens extracts by reverse‐phase isocratic high‐performance liquid chromatography revealed a single MAA compound, palythine (λ_max = 320 nm). Possible seasonal changes in MAAs in colonies of H. fuscescens along a depth gradient were examined on different dates. Palythine concentrations in the colonies were significantly higher in summer than in the other seasons particularly in shallow water. Possible changes in MAA content in colonies of H. fuscescens as a result of UVR protection, were determined by experiments conducted for periods of 1 week, 1 month and 3 months, at a depth of 5 m. In these experiments colonies were removed from the natural substrate and placed underwater, protected from UVR by a PVC filter. Significant differences between UV‐exposed and protected colonies of H. fuscescens were found only in the 3‐month experiment conducted during the summer. These findings demonstrate that UVR is an important environmental factor regulating MAA biosynthesis in the soft coral H. fuscescens.     

越南红河水下三角洲表层沉积物中有机物分布及来源分析

采用总有机碳(OC%)、总氮(TN%)、有机碳同位素组成(δ13C)以及木质素方法,对越南红河水下三角洲表层沉积物进行研究,结合粒度数据,分析其有机物分布以及来源。结果表明,红河口表层沉积物的(C/N)mol在2.7—18.7之间;有机碳(OC%)和总氮(TN%)在近岸粒径大的站位含量低,粒度小的站位含量高;δ13C(‰)在22.8—25.9之间;Λ8(mg/100mgOC)在0.2—4.9之间。使用简单二端元模型计算后发现陆源有机物在表层沉积物中占的比例在3.7%—89.5%,并且与粒径大小有关,粒径大陆源有机物比例低,粒径小陆源有机物比例高,说明水动力分选是控制陆源有机物分布的主要因素。C/V和S/V分别为0.29±0.13和0.87±0.18,表明该区域的陆源有机物来源于被子植物的草本和木本部分混合。V系列的酸醛比(Ad/Al)v在0.38—2.43之间,平均值为0.70,说明该区域陆源有机物经历了中等程度的降解。     

黄骅虾池中叶绿素a浓度及其与赤潮的关系

本文通过１９９０～１９９２年对黄骅沿海虾池中叶绿素ａ含量的监测及其变化的研究，反映了３ａ来虾池中叶绿素ａ含量的变化及其特征，揭示了叶绿素ａ含量与赤潮的关系。本文提出了虾池中使用叶绿素ａ富营养化阈值含量对研究我国沿海虾池赤潮具有重要的参考价值。     

利用水文、气象要素因子的变化趋势预测南海区赤潮的发生

有些文献指出:“赤潮发生起因因种而异,但大体上气候气象条件诸如温度、风力、风向,季风转换、气压等;海况、潮汐、流等以及海水的理化特征,如盐度、营养元素等,这些皆会成为某种赤潮爆发的因子或诱导因素[1]”。根据赤潮监控区监测资料分析:在南海赤潮多发区,海水富营养化条件已经具备,因此气象、水文要素条件就成为赤潮爆发的重要启动因子,而天气环流的维持与变化决定了气象、水文要素因子的稳定与变化,再根据赤潮生物培养试验,从初期繁殖到后期的爆发性繁殖,直至达到赤潮生物密度,这一过程一般都需要4~5d的时间。针对这一现象,通过对近10a的赤潮发生个例进行统计分析,统计其生成前期的天气环流形势和水文气象要素,分析出赤潮生成前期的环流模式和筛选出诱发赤潮爆发的重要因子,并依此来作为预报赤潮生成的方法,依照此方法对2003年的赤潮进行预报,其效果是另人满意的。     

The annual cycle of vertical mixing and restratification in the Northern Gulf of Eilat/Aqaba (Red Sea) based on high temporal and vertical resolution observations

The stratification in the Northern Gulf of Eilat/Aqaba follows a well-known annual cycle of well-mixed conditions in winter, surface warming in spring and summer, maximum vertical temperature gradient in late summer, and erosion of stratification in fall. The strength and structure of the stratification influences the diverse coral reef ecosystem and also affects the strength of the semi-diurnal tidal currents. Long-term (13 months) moored thermistor data, combined with high temporal and vertical resolution density profiles in deep water, show that transitions from summer to fall and winter to spring/summer occur in unpredictable, pulses and are not slow and gradual, as previously deduced from monthly hydrographic measurements and numerical simulations forced by monthly climatologies. The cooling and deepening of the surface layer in fall is marked by a transition to large amplitude, semi-diurnal isotherm displacements in the stratified intermediate layer. Stratification is rebuilt in spring and summer by intermittent pulses of warm, buoyant water that can increase the upper 100–150 m by 2 °C that force surface waters down 100–150 m over a matter of days. The stratification also varies in response to short-lived eddies and diurnal motions during winter. Thus, the variability in the stratification exhibits strong depth and seasonal dependence and occurs over range of timescales: from tidal to seasonal. We show that monthly or weekly single-cast hydrographic data under-samples the variability of the stratification in the Gulf and we estimate the error associated with single-cast assessments of the stratification.     

我国南海历史性水域线的地质特征

40a的海洋地质、地球物理实测研究表明,九段线不仅是显示我国南海主权的历史性水域线,而且总体上也是南海与东部、南部和西部陆区及岛区的巨型地质边界线。根据实测数据,本文将从地质成因、来源、演化的角度论述此南海历史性水域线的合理性。主要结论包括:历史性水域线的东段在地形上基本与马尼拉海沟一致,海沟西侧为南海中央海盆洋壳区,东侧为菲律宾群岛。根据国际地质研究的资料,菲律宾群岛始新世以前位于较偏南的纬度,后来于中晚中新世(距今16~10Ma)仰冲于南海中央海盆之上,因此菲律宾群岛是一个外来群岛。而黄岩岛在马尼拉海沟以西,是中央海盆洋壳区的一个岛礁,与菲律宾群岛成因不同。南海历史性水域线的南段在地形上基本与南沙海槽一致,伴随南沙地块由北部陆缘向南裂离,古南海洋壳沿此海槽以南俯冲至加里曼丹岛陆壳之下,因此南沙地块与加里曼丹陆块为两个来历不同的地块。南海历史性水域线西段的分布在地形上与越东巨型走滑断裂带基本一致,可能与西沙地块、中沙地块、南沙地块从南海北部陆缘向南滑移有关。南沙地块北缘陡直的正断层结构,突显中央海盆是拉裂形成,其基底和中新生代地层与北部珠江口盆地的地层结构可以对比,说明南沙岛礁原属我国华南大陆南缘,后因南海的形成裂离至现今的位置。     

菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)紫壳内面和白黄壳内面品系的三元杂交

于2010年6月,以性状优良的白黄壳内面F2代菲律宾蛤仔二元杂交系(WO)与紫壳内面F2代选育系(P)为材料,进行了三元杂交研究,获得了三元正反交组合PWO、WOP,并且比较了各实验组子代在不同阶段生长、存活和变态的杂种优势。结果表明:(1)从生长上看。三元杂交子WOP生长始终最快,2个三元正反交组幼虫均表现出了不同程度的杂种优势,其生长主要受卵源与配对策略的交互作用影响。(2)从存活力上看。三元杂交子PWO幼虫及WOP稚贝表现出一定的杂种优势,卵源是浮游期幼虫存活的最主要影响因素。(3)从变态上看,三元杂交子PWO呈现出一定的变态优势为HmPWO=9.80,卵源、配对策略及交互作用均是影响变态主要因素。     

辽东湾鲅鱼圈赤潮与环境因子分析

赤潮的发生是一个复杂的生态变化过程,赤潮藻的快速增殖不仅需要丰富的营养物质基础,适宜的物理环境条件亦是不可或缺的,是诸如水文、气象、物理、化学和生物因子综合作用的结果。辽东湾为我国北方海域赤潮最频繁海域。本文就1998年～2003年5月间发生在辽东湾的赤潮过程,从天气形势、水文气象环境动力因子的角度对赤潮的暴发进行分析研究与统计,得出了赤潮暴发的相似天气形势及水文气象环境动力因子的变化规律,试图探索其预报的可能性。并就2001年北海分局在鲅鱼圈监测到的赤潮水文、气象、物理、化学等环境因子数据,运用正交分析、聚类分析多元统计分析方法,分析了赤潮发生过程中环境因子的变化规律,试图寻找影响赤潮的主导因子与重要因子。     

基于人工神经网络的赤潮预测模型

本文利用非线性时间序列预测模型,将海洋预报和人工神经网络BP算法相结合,提出了基于神经网络的海洋预报模型;运用改进的三层BP(Back Propagation)神经网络模型对海洋气象进行赤潮灾害监测和预报;同时针对仿真结果进行分析,结果表明该模型具有较好的预测能力。