Investigation of inner-basin variation: Impact of large reservoirs on water regimes of downstream water bodies

Large dams and reservoirs alter not only the natural flow regimes of streams and rivers but also their flooding cycles and flood magnitudes. Although the effect of dams and reservoirs has been reported for some vulnerable locations, the understanding of the inner-basin variation with respect to the effects remains limited. In this study, we analyse the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) built on the Changjiang mainstream (Yangtze River) to investigate the dam effect variations in the system of interconnected water bodies located downstream. We investigated the effect of flow alterations along the downstream river network using discharge time series at different gauging stations. The river–lake interactions (referring to the interactions between the Changjiang mainstream and its tributary lakes i.e. the Dongting and Poyang lakes) and their roles in modifying the TGD effect intensity were also investigated in the large-scale river–lake system. The results show that the water storage of the tributary lakes decreased after the activation of the TGD. Severe droughts occurred in the lakes, weakening their ability to recharge the Changjiang mainstream. As a consequence, the effect of the TGD on the Changjiang flow increase during the dry season diminished quickly downstream of the dam, whereas its impact on the flow decrease during the wet season gradually exacerbated along the mainstream, especially at sites located downstream of the lake outlets. Therefore, when assessing dam-induced hydrological changes, special attention should be paid to the changes in the storage of tributary lakes and the associated effects in the mainstream. This is of high importance for managing the water resource trade-offs between different water bodies in dam-affected riverine systems.     

中国水质站网规划中几个问题的探讨

在完成中国水质站网规划工作的基础上,对下列问题作了进一步探讨:(1)水质站网规划单元的划分;(2)聚类分析在水质站网规划中的应用;(3)站网密度与人口和经济发展的关系;(4)中国水质站网的分区特征。     

郑州-荥阳附近全新世湖沼沉积环境及对人类文化发展的意义

郑州地区深约4~12 m多处发现有1-2层灰黑色黏土层,具有湖沼相沉积特征。中原地区是华夏文明发祥地,文明发展与环境密切相关,稳定的水源是先民生存繁衍的基础,探究古湖存在对认识文明起源与发展具有重要意义。选取该区张五寨、司马村、后真村、安庄村等4个含湖沼层剖面,采集2个标准钻孔和15个控制孔岩心,进行沉积学、物理磁学、生物化石、有机碳和地球化学等环境指标分析。湖沼层系灰-黑色黏土-粉砂黏土,夹于上下河流相沉积中。放射性碳和释光等测年技术测定结果表明,湖沼层时代为全新世中期,约3~8 kaBP。黏土含量高值与磁化率低值对应,反映出径流搬运的磁性重矿物较少,表明较弱的水动力条件或静水沉积,代表湖沼相环境。孢粉分析出香蒲属、蓼属、莕菜属、狐尾藻属、眼子菜属等水生植物花粉,最高占草本的19.4%。该湖沼层中有机碳含量平均为21.6%,最高达29.4%。化学元素综合环境C值与黏土含量变化同步,反映出古湖在气候湿润或降水增加的环境下形成;还反映了流域植被覆盖度较高,水土流失少,主要搬运细颗粒物质入湖。沉积证据重建的全新世中期湖沼环境,与区域仰韶和龙山文化的古遗址点分布特征一致,由此定量估计了其分布范围和面积。本研究为郑州地区全新世存在古湖沼提供了科学依据,也为人文考古、遗址发掘提供实践意义的帮助。     

水库诱发地震作用下三峡库区基岩地震动模拟

使用接触单元建立三峡库首区断裂展布有限元模型,使用确定性的设定地震方法,为时程分析提供合理的水库地震动输入。二维有限元水平基岩地震动模拟结果表明,九畹溪断裂发生M5.5级构造型水库地震时,三峡大坝场址水平向基岩PGA为175 Gal;而高桥断裂发生M5.5级地震时,巴东县城场址水平向基岩PGA为303 Gal。断裂带两侧PGA出现明显的不连续特征,场址基岩地震动参数的计算有必要考虑该影响。     

Structure,composition and bulk properties of upland stream gravels

Upland gravel-bedded streams in the U.K. have received only scant attention from both hydrologists and sedimentologists, but are worthy of further investigation. The sedimentology of three small streams in Teesdale in the Pennines has been examined in detail. Grain-size characteristics, bedforms, structure, composition and packing characteristics of these deposits are described, and compared where appropriate with published information. It is argued that a fuller appreciation of gravel bed composition and morphology should eventually contribute to an improved understanding of sediment transport and deposition mechanisms, and, hence, to improved accuracy in sediment transport and deposition estimates.     

Experimental analysis of reservoir release wave routing in upland boulder bed rivers

Reservoir release wave routing during 33 controlled reservoir releases, along 15 upland boulder bed river channel reaches, on five different regulated rivers were monitored to assess the importance of river channel roughness and reservoir release magnitude on reservoir release wave speeds. Wave speeds varied between 0.52 and 3.01 m s^?1. Reservoir release wave translation, steepening, and attenuation occurred. With high channel roughness values reservoir release wave arrival speed is retarded in comparison to peak stage and wave steepening occurs, but with a reduction in channel roughness reservoir release wave front arrival is accelerated producing attentuation. The threshold between reservoir release wave front attenuation and steepening occurs at a pre-release discharge/channel width of approximately 0.1, an index of channel roughness. The paper also demonstrates, via comparison of observed and calculated reservoir release wave speeds on the River Washburn, Yorkshire, the difficulty of accurately predicting flood wave movement in upland boulder bed channels using existing prediction equations. The calculated values, however, revealed systematic error with pre-release discharge and reservoir release magnitude. Apparently the equations fail to account for the effects of high channel roughness together with pressure gradient forces, induced by rapid rates of stage change on the rising limb of reservoir releases. In order to accurately predict reservoir release wave movement in regulated rivers, this paper demonstrates that hydraulic studies need to be undertaken and pre-release discharges prescribed to determine desired reservoir release wave routing behaviour. Manipulation of the reservoir release pattern at the dam alone, cannot dictate reservoir release wave front form downstream or wave speed.     

陕北黄土高原工程地质分区研究以志丹县为例

本文在以地貌特征为基础,充分利用地貌特征对工程地质规律性的控制作用,结合陕北地区地质结构特点、地下水埋藏条件、地质灾害发育状况等工程地质条件,对陕北地区的工程地质进行了简单的区划。在此基础上,以志丹县为例,结合区域内各地层岩土的物理力学性质指标及河流水系侵蚀状况,将志丹县分为黄土梁状低山丘陵区、黄土梁峁丘陵沟壑区、土石山区以及河谷区,并对黄土梁峁丘陵沟壑区的地层条件进行了较为详细的描述。本文的工作不仅为更深层次、更系统、更全面、更科学地认识陕北黄土高原黄土的工程地质特征提供了第一手可依据的基础资料,同时也可为类似条件下的工程地质分区评价提供参考。     

丽江—攀枝花—者海地带二维地壳结构及其构造意义

本文利用攀西地区通过攀枝花的东西向剖面爆炸地震资料,进行了震相的重新识别和二维射线追踪与理论图计算.结果表明,沿剖面地表附近有4个低速区和若干高速带,它们与地质和构造有很好的对应关系.渡口附近的高速岩体一直延伸到了上地壳的底部,形成一个统一的地垒状构造,该高速体与攀枝花成矿岩体相关,并推断华坪及其以西地带也是找矿的有利地区.中地壳下部有一厚度约9km的低速层,它可能是壳内的韧性剪切带.低速层顶部深度为27.0—29.5km,与研究地区的居里面深度及天然地震震源深度的分布基本符合.剖面东段中地壳顶部还有一层很薄的低速层,反映了构造带两侧运动的不对称性.地壳厚度为53—56km,构造带中部的Moho界面没有明显的上隆.     

改进多面函数拟合跨带区域高程异常的研究

针对跨带区域高程异常拟合中存在的问题,该文以多面函数模型为背景,分别采用直接法和分带法,提出采用大地坐标(B,L)作为核函数参数的改进多面函数模型,对跨带区域高程异常进行拟合。通过某跨带区域GPS水准网数据验证,结果显现了改进后多面函数模型在跨带区域拟合上的优势,其外符合精度相比其他函数模型有显著提高。