Controls on reservoir heterogeneity of tight sand oil reservoirs in Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in Longdong Area,southwest Ordos Basin,China: Implications for reservoir quality prediction and oil accumulation

Compared to conventional reservoirs, pore structure and diagenetic alterations of unconventional tight sand oil reservoirs are highly heterogeneous. The Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation is a major tight-oil-bearing formation in the Ordos Basin, providing an opportunity to study the factors that control reservoir heterogeneity and the heterogeneity of oil accumulation in tight oil sandstones.The Chang 8 tight oil sandstone in the study area is comprised of fine-to medium-grained, moderately to well-sorted lithic arkose and feldspathic litharenite. The reservoir quality is extremely heterogeneous due to large heterogeneities in the depositional facies, pore structures and diagenetic alterations. Small throat size is believed to be responsible for the ultra-low permeability in tight oil reservoirs. Most reservoirs with good reservoir quality, larger pore-throat size, lower pore-throat radius ratio and well pore connectivity were deposited in high-energy environments, such as distributary channels and mouth bars. For a given depositional facies, reservoir quality varies with the bedding structures. Massive- or parallel-bedded sandstones are more favorable for the development of porosity and permeability sweet zones for oil charging and accumulation than cross-bedded sandstones.Authigenic chlorite rim cementation and dissolution of unstable detrital grains are two major diagenetic processes that preserve porosity and permeability sweet zones in oil-bearing intervals. Nevertheless, chlorite rims cannot effectively preserve porosity-permeability when the chlorite content is greater than a threshold value of 7%, and compaction played a minor role in porosity destruction in the situation. Intensive cementation of pore-lining chlorites significantly reduces reservoir permeability by obstructing the pore-throats and reducing their connectivity. Stratigraphically, sandstones within 1 m from adjacent sandstone-mudstone contacts are usually tightly cemented (carbonate cement > 10%) with low porosity and permeability (lower than 10% and 0.1 mD, respectively). The carbonate cement most likely originates from external sources, probably derived from the surrounding mudstone. Most late carbonate cements filled the previously dissolved intra-feldspar pores and the residual intergranular pores, and finally formed the tight reservoirs.The petrophysical properties significantly control the fluid flow capability and the oil charging/accumulation capability of the Chang 8 tight sandstones. Oil layers usually have oil saturation greater than 40%. A pore-throat radius of less than 0.4 μm is not effective for producible oil to flow, and the cut off of porosity and permeability for the net pay are 7% and 0.1 mD, respectively.     

二维地震勘探在伊南煤田伊昭井田的应用

在地震地质条件不利的情况下,确定了合理的野外数据采集方法;根据二维地震的目的任务,运用了合理的数据采集方法,采用了较好的技术措施解决了地震资料处理及解译中存在的技术难点,包括静校正问题、干扰波的去除、分辨率的提高、波组分析、层位标定、断点解释等。在覆盖层厚度、煤层底板、煤层露头、构造解释、火烧区推测等方面取得了较可靠的勘探成果,为后续全井田勘探布局发挥了指导性作用。     

Provenance Study of Fe–Ti Oxide Minerals in the Quaternary Sediments in Yichang Area and Its Implication of Formation Time of the Yangtze Three Gorges, China

The Three Gorges are considered to be critical to understand the formation of Yangtze River. Recent research results suggest that the Yangtze Three Gorges was created during the Quaternary but the exact time is debatable. Fe–Ti oxide minerals are seldom used to study sediment provenance, expecially using scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS). In this study, the provenance of Quaternary sediments in Yichang area, which is located to the east of the Yangtze Three Gorges, was investigated by using SEM and EDS to research Fe–Ti oxides. The Panzhihua vanadium titanomagnetite and Emeishan basalt outcrop are located to the west of the Three Gorges. Further, the materials from them are observed in the Quaternary sediments of Yichang area. Fe–Ti oxide minerals from the Huangling granite are observed in the Yunchi and Shanxiyao Formations, which were formed before 0.75 Ma B.P., whereas Fe–Ti oxide minerals from the Huangling granite, Panzhihua vanadium titanomagnetite, and Emeishan basalt are observed in the riverbed and fifth-terrace sediments of the Yangtze River, which were formed after 0.73 Ma B.P.. Thus, we can infer that the Three Gorges formed after the deposition of the Shanxi Formation and before the fifth-terrace; i.e., 0.75–0.73 Ma B.P..     

三峡库岸滑坡变形特征及影响因素分析

三峡库区涉水滑坡主要影响因素是水位和降雨量,也是库区滑坡体失稳的主要影响因素和诱发因素。库区每年重复着水位升降不利于滑坡的稳定,而降雨特别是大强度的降雨也诱发产生滑坡。当水位波动遇到降雨,出现工况叠加,滑坡将加剧。因此,有必要对影响滑坡变形的主导因素进行了解分析。2016年6月三峡库区全面展开了自动化监测,使得数据统计方便可靠。本文采用滑坡变形速率、降雨量、库水位变化、最大水位变化速率、淹没程度,运用灰色关联度分析法对涉水滑坡进行了计算分析。水位下降阶段,文中土质滑坡变形受库水位影响最大。水位上升阶段,该土质滑坡上部变形受降雨影响最大,下部受水位影响最大。文中岩质滑坡总是受库水位影响最大。     

大兴安岭南部地区林西组油气勘探前景探讨

基于露头资料,利用有机地球化学分析技术,通过研究大兴安岭南部林西组地层及烃源岩发育特征,探讨有利勘探方向.结果表明：大兴安岭南部地区上二叠统林西组广泛发育,其沉积环境主体为三角洲-湖相沉积;林西组暗色泥岩有机质含量以中等为主,有机质类型为Ⅱ₂~Ⅲ型,有机质热演化达到高熟-过熟阶段.该区开展油气勘探应远离侵入岩发育区,在有中生界覆盖地区,保存条件及盖层条件更为有利.     

Characteristics of karst groundwater system in the northern basin of Laiyuan Spring area

Guided by the theory of groundwater system, based on the groundwater level data from the northern basin of Laiyuan Spring area, the authors took into account factors such as the lithology, geological structure and topography to study the relationship between groundwater recharge, runoff and drainage in this area. It was concluded that the infiltration of atmospheric precipitation is the main source of groundwater supply in this area; the upper layer of the Spring area is distributed with the Cambrian-Lower Ordovician karst water, and the lower layer is filled with the Jixian system karst water. The upper layer of karst water supplies to the lower layer of karst water or the pore water in loose strata through the fault while the lower layer of karst water runs to the three strong runoff belts from the east and west sides of the watershed, southwards into the basin, partially replenishing the pore water in loose strata, or forming fault Springs (e.g. Nanguan Spring, Beihai Spring) when dolomite movement encounters faults. Replenished by atmospheric precipitation and the upper and lower layers of karst waters, the pore water in loose strata joins the groundwater in the southern basin and then flows eastwards, in the end it flows out of the system in Shangfanpu. Through the analyses of groundwater level data and hydrogeological drilling data, based on groundwater D and 18O isotope test results, the karst groundwater circulation system in the northern basin of Laiyuan Spring area is further verified, which provides hydrogeological basis for water resources development and utilization as well as protection in this area.     

黄腊石滑坡基岩弯曲松弛带工程地质特性、形成机制及失稳预测

黄腊石滑坡是发育在三叠系中统巴东组砂泥岩夹灰岩构成的逆倾坡上的滑坡群,总方量约1 800×104 m3.滑坡滑带下面存在着大致连续分布的基岩弯曲松弛带.对于该松弛带工程地质特性的认识,将影响防治工程方案的设计及实施.本文通过野外工作、以往工作资料和研究成果的收集整理及再认识,对该滑坡下伏松弛带工程地质特性、形成机制及失稳预测作了一定深度的探讨,认为基岩弯曲松弛带是发生在特定的岩层中,由构造、重力、侵蚀、岩溶、风化、降雨及上部滑坡等因素共同作用的产物,工程地质环境质量较差,受重力及其上滑体滑动等因素影响,后期改造明显.在斜坡长期受重力累积变形、三峡水库运行期江水位变化及库岸再造作用下,将形成牵引式滑动.防治工程应在削方、排水等基础上,重点考虑防止库岸再造和斜坡坡脚部位变形.     

上扬子区寒武系娄山关群白云岩层序地层格架及其古地理背景

上扬子区特别是贵州及其邻区的寒武系娄山关群发育一套化石贫乏的浅水台地相白云岩,横跨中、上寒武统,厚度上千米,自北西向南东随着沉积环境水体的加深逐渐相变为开阔海台地相灰岩、陆棚相泥页岩等。由于化石贫乏难以进行详尽的年代地层划分,但是发育石盐假晶泥晶白云岩所反映的沉积环境水体变浅以及发育颗粒白云岩所反映的水体加深,表明可以应用从岩相序列到沉积相序列的方法对该套白云岩进行层序地层划分,成为在“海平面变化的框架内探讨沉积相迁移”的典型代表。巨厚的贫乏化石的娄山关群白云岩与下伏厚度较小、产三叶虫化石的陡坡寺组白云质细粒混合岩系形成了鲜明的对照,它们组成了1个二级层序,并可以划分为7个三级层序。陡坡寺组细粒混合岩系代表了二级海侵作用所造成的水体加深,而娄山关群白云岩自北西向南东进积尖灭则代表了二级海退过程所造成的水体变浅。该二级层序本身即是1个总体向上变浅的沉积相序列,其相序组构与三级层序相似,三级层序的相序组构与那些由岩相序列所组成的若干环潮坪型米级旋回也具有相似性。因此研究区娄山关群白云岩构成了1个复杂而有规律的、独特的层序地层格架,并由此反映了沉积物的时间演变序列和沉积相的空间展布特征具有一定的规律性,代表了其古地理演变过程既受制于海侵加深和海退变浅的时间过程,同时又受控于沉积环境水体自北西向南东由浅变深的空间变化过程。娄山关群白云岩的层序地层研究表明：层序地层学研究的核心是沉积物的时间演变序列以及沉积相的空间展布形式所代表的规律性,并根据这种规律性进行地层划分和对比。     

Experimental study on the effect of bottomless structure in front of a bottom outlet on a sediment flushing cone

One of the main problems in reservoirs is sedimentation which reduces the operating life of dams if a proper plan and analysis method are not in place.The techniques to manage sediment in reservoirs include several sustainable management techniques that route sediment through or around the reservoir.One of the main economical methods in arid and semi-arid regions is pressurized flushing using moderate drawdown of the water level of the reservoir to evacuate sediment deposited behind dams.In the current study,the effect of a new structure called a dendritic bottomless extended(DBE)outlet structure at three angles of 30°,45°,and 60°
on pressurized flushing efficiency was investigated.Consequently,45 experiments were designed for three discharge rates (Qo),three sediment levels(Hs),four types of structure,and a no-structure condition(reference test).The results indicated that the DBE structure with a 30°angle between the branches,a sedimentary dimensionless index of Hs/Do=4.59,and a flow dimensionless index of Qo=/√gD05=1:43(where g is the acceleration of gravity and Do is the diameter of the bottom outlet)lead to 10-fold increase in the sediment flushing cone dimensions and sediment removal efficiency compared to the results of the reference test.Finally,according to a statistical analysis of the results,a dimensionless equation for calculating the sediment flushing cone dimensions was developed for the tested sediment characteristics.     

三峡大坝会减小东海的上升流和生产力吗?——敬复王保栋、孙霞两位指教

2000年笔者利用很简单的一维稳态箱式模型,指出若三峡大坝减少了流入东海的淡水量,则将减少东海陆棚边缘涌升的黑潮次表层水.由于黑潮次表层水饱含营养盐,因此若涌升速率降低了,涌升至东海大陆架的营养盐也就跟着降低,从而影响生物生产力及渔获.王、孙二位提出了不同的看法,并正确地指出了一维稳态箱式模型过度简化所导致的若干问题.然而,王、孙二位似乎对大陆架上之浮力效应原理有所误解,因而误以为浮力效应原理与箱式模型所得推论相反.