瀑布沟水库区域地震的重新定位

利用双差定位方法对瀑布沟水库区域内2006-10-13~2013-07-31之间发生的3 784个地震进行了重新定位,获得了3 601个地震的重新定位结果,到时残差平均为0.12 s,E-W、N-S和U-D三个方向上平均定位误差分别为0.15 km、0.17 km和1.10 km。重新定位结果显示,在研究区域内的西南方向和水库流域,地震分布密集,这个区域处于鲜水河断裂中南段、安宁河断裂北段和大凉山断裂北段的位置,此区域内地震震源深度主要分布在5~30km间,表明该区域的地震主要是构造活动引起的,而水库库区内地震震源深度主要分布在0~5 km区间,分布比较集中,该地区的地震为水库诱发和人工爆破引起的地震。     

Sediment settling in the Latian Dam in Iran

Among the difficulties that influence future dam operations,reservoir sedimentation is the most problematic for engineers.This study predicted the amount and pattern of sedimentation for use in estimation of the useful lifespan of reservoirs and identification of optimal locations for outlets and intakes at the initial stages of dam design.Hydrographic surveys of different dams can provide better insight into this phenomenon.Latian Dam in Iran has conducted hydrographic surveys during 7 time periods.The amount and process of sedimentation in this reservoir were determined,and predictions of distribution of sediments were validated by well-known,common methods.The formation of a delta in the reservoir was investigated for different time periods after operation.Future problems due to the impacts of sedimentation on dam operation and the useful lifespan of the reservoir were predicted.In addition,the study results may be used for developing empirical methods to predict sedimentation patterns in other reservoirs.     

滁州地区构造活动特征分析

通过对安徽滁州地区主要断层活动特征调查、坳陷与断坳发育演化的分析,得出两类构造活动具有一致性,且第四纪以来整体表现为弱活动特点。考虑研究区西侧的郯庐断裂带和东北侧的苏北盆地两个中强构造活动区影响,认为滁州地区处于协调区域构造应力释放的活动状态,地震活动水平较低。     

唐山7.8级地震前的震中迁移与远台前兆的关系

以震中迁移始发点的前兆讨论了唐山7.8级地震震中位置的预测,并以此为例分析了汶川8级地震和芦山7级地震的前兆问题。另外,从震中迁移延长线上的前兆来讨论了唐山大震的发生时间。     

The provenance of Gansu Group in Longxi region and implications for tectonics and paleoclimate

The Neogene sediments of Gansu Group from northwestern China contain eolian and fluvial deposits.The origins of these sediments are very important for exploring the onset of Asian inland aridification,the pattern of paleo-atmospheric circulation,and the regional tectonics and geomorphic evolution during the Miocene.Here we present detrital-zircon age spectra of typical eolian and fluvial deposits from highlands and subsidence basin,and compare them with those of surrounding eroded mountain(such as the West Qinling Mountains and Liupan Mountains)materials and Quaternary loess derived from the Asian inlands.The results reveal that(1)the detrital-zircon age spectrum of the Miocene eolian sample is remarkably different from the eroded materials of the West Qinling Mountains and the Miocene fluvial deposits from Tianshui region,but very similar to the Quaternary loess deposits.This indicates that the provenance of Miocene eolian sediments is similar with the Quaternary loess,and thus further confirms the previous conclusions that the distribution of Asian arid lands and the pattern of atmospheric circulation during the Miocene are broadly similar with the Quaternary.(2)The detrital-zircon age spectrum of the fluvial deposits(with age about 11.5 Ma)from Tianshui region is different from the eroded materials of West Qinling Mountains,but similar with that of the Liupan Mountains to the east,which may suggest that the Liupan Mountains have already been exhumed by11.5 Ma.     

Reconstruction of Conceptual Prediction Model for the Three Rainfall Patterns in the summer of eastern China under global warming

With the influence of global warming,the global climate has undergone significant inter-decadal variation since the late 1970s.Although El Nio-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)has been the strongest signal for predicting global climate inter-annual variability,its relation with the summer rainfall in China has significantly changed,and its indicative function on the summer rainfall in China has weakened.This has led to a significant decrease in the accuracy rate of early conceptual prediction models for the Three Rainfall Patterns in the summer of eastern China.On the basis of the difference analysis of atmospheric circulation system configuration in summer,as well as the interaction of ocean and atmospheric in previous winter between two phases,i.e.before and after the significant global warming(1951 to 1978 and 1979 to 2012,respectively),we concluded that(1)Under different inter-decadal backgrounds,the atmospheric circulations that impacted the Three Rainfall Patterns in the summer of eastern China showed consistency,but in the latter phase of the global warming,the Western Pacific Subtropical High(WPSH)was on the strong side,the position of which was in the south,and the blocking high in the Eurasia mid-high latitudes was active,while the polar vortex extended to the south,and meridional circulation intensified.This circulation background may have been conducive to the increase of the circulation frequency of Patterns II and III,and the decrease of the circulation frequency of Pattern I,thus leading to more Patterns II and III and fewer Pattern I in the summer rainfall of eastern China.(2)In the former phase,the corresponding previous winter SST fields of different rainfall patterns showed visible differences.The impact of ENSO on North Pacific Oscillation(NPO)was great,and the identification ability of which on Patterns I and II of summer rainfall was effective.In the latter phase,this identification ability decreased,while the impact of ENSO on the Pacific/North American(PNA)teleconnection pattern increased,and the identification ability of the PNA on Patterns II and III also increased.Based on the new inter-decadal climate background,this study reconstructs the conceptual prediction model for the Three Rainfall Patterns in summer of eastern China by using the previous winter PNA and the Eurasian(EU)teleconnection indexes.The fitting effect was satisfying,though it is necessary to be further tested.     

基于MODIS数据的新疆叶尔羌河流域山区积雪特征分析

科学监测新疆叶尔羌河流域山区积雪面积及其变化特征对该区域的气候研究、雪水资源开发利用、环境灾害预报和生态环境保护等方面有重要意义. 利用2000-2012年近13 a的MOD10A2积雪产品提取研究区域内积雪,结合DEM数据分析研究区内积雪面积的动态变化特征. 结果显示：新疆叶尔羌河流域山区的积雪面积的年际变化幅度较大,其中,2005年和2009年积雪面积较大,2007年则为典型少雪年;年内变化差异显著,总体上呈现“M”型的特点,12月和3月处于高位,2月和8月处于低谷. 叶尔羌河流域山区积雪覆盖率随着海拔的上升逐渐增大,稳定积雪主要分布在海拔5 000 m以上的地区;不同坡向的积雪覆盖率差异比较明显,西北坡、东坡、东北坡的积雪覆盖率比北坡、东南坡、西坡、南坡的积雪覆盖率高,西北坡高达52.8%,南坡仅为20%. 叶尔羌河流域山区的积雪面积与气温呈负相关,与降水量呈正相关,积雪面积变化对气温因素更为敏感.     

不同视角下InVEST模型的土壤保持功能对比

土壤保持是生态系统的重要服务功能之一。黄土高原是世界上水土流失最严重的地区,黄河中游地区是黄河泥沙的主要来源,继续开展黄河中游地区土壤保持研究,对于当地的水土保持、土地利用结构调整、退耕还林、生态补偿以及水库管理具有重大意义。以黄河一级支流无定河的源头(营盘山库区)为研究区,采用生态系统服务和交易的综合评估模型InVEST(Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs),从水文和土地利用两个角度出发,对研究区地块截留能力、输出能力和保持能力进行对比研究,重点探讨哪种角度的结果更科学合理,并进一步研究清淤情境下2010年营盘山库区的土壤保持能力及其空间格局特征。结果表明：① 基于子流域边界和土地利用边界的计算结果差异悬殊,水文学意义的子流域边界可以保证沉积物沿水文路径迁移过程的完整性,评价结果更科学合理;InVEST沉积物模型应该采用水文意义上的自然流域边界,而不宜将土地利用边界作为子流域单元进行评价。② 2010年营盘山库区在清淤情境下的沉积物截留总量为586482.60 t,输出总量为129868.61 t,平均输出量为12.93 t/hm²,保留总量为1559198.40 t,平均保留量为151.57 t/hm²。③ 地块的沉积物截留能力从上游至下游逐渐增强,而沉积物输出能力却刚好相反。无定河西侧支流的土壤保持能力比东侧支流偏高,两大支流平均土壤保持量低值区均出现在河流上游地区。     

沩水流域土地景观格局对河流水质的影响

以红壤丘陵区沩水流域为研究区域,运用GIS空间分析及统计分析的方法,探讨了流域土地景观格局对河流水质的影响。结果表明：① 林地面积百分比与电导率(COND)、综合污染指数(Pr)相关性指数分别达-1.000、-0.997,呈显著负相关;耕地面积百分比与COND、总磷(TP)及土地利用程度综合指数(La)与COND、Pr呈显著正相关。② 斑块数量(NP)、香农多样性指数(SHDI)与COND、Pr相关性指数均在0.997以上,呈显著正相关;平均斑块面积(AREA_MN)、蔓延度指数(CONTAG)与COND、Pr及最大斑块指数(LPI)与TP呈显著负相关。③ 从时间上看,所选用的大部分土地景观格局指标与pH值、溶解氧(DO)在丰水期与枯水期的相关性状态相反,且枯水期土地景观格局对河流水质的影响较丰水期更为显著。     

重庆穿洞遗址大马蹄蝠化石发现及其意义

2008年,重庆穿洞遗址发掘出一具保存较好的晚更新世大马蹄蝠（Hipposideros armiger）化石,这是中国发现的第5个大马蹄蝠化石地点,同时,也是迄今为止所发现保存最为完整的标本。对该地点化石材料观测显示：大马蹄蝠在与其他翼手目标本进行形态对比时,可以根据其个体大小、颅骨形状及齿式特征等进行多项有效鉴别。在大马蹄蝠演化方面,从化石材料上观察,更新世晚期大马蹄蝠桡骨长度与现生标本基本一致,这反映出大马蹄蝠在更新世晚期其飞翔能力与现生标本相似（桡骨长度增大,这是翼手目与一般哺乳动物相比在演化方面的特化现象）。穿洞大马蹄蝠化石的发现,对研究长江三峡地区第四纪古环境具有重要意义。它证明了更新世晚期时三峡地区有温暖湿润的气候和繁茂的森林植被,并且分布有为翼手目提供居址栖息的大型岩溶洞穴;晚更新世时期,出现于中国其他地区的冰期气候等恶劣环境现象,未曾对长江三峡地区动、植物生存环境造成影响。