多组分混合过程热力学及其在岩石学中的某些应用

本文较全面地论述了多组分混合作用中热力学性质的变化,详细地推导了混合熵、混合焓等公式,并简述了其在岩石学中的某些应用。     

黄淮海平原耕地功能演变的时空特征及其驱动机制

本文以县域为基本研究单元,从经济、社会及生态三个维度构建了耕地功能评价指标体系,分析了黄淮海平原耕地功能演化的时空特征,利用耦合动态度模型探讨了耕地功能间耦合关系的演变。在此基础上,利用空间计量模型,对耕地功能演化的驱动机制进行了定量分析。研究结果表明：① 1990-2010年间,冀中南及豫东地区部分欠发达县市耕地经济功能明显增强,发达的城市群及其腹地受工业化及城镇化影响较大,耕地经济功能持续下降;60.29%的县域单元耕地的社会功能下降,增强区主要集聚于郑州北部、德州及沧州西部、烟台、威海等区域;生态功能变化在空间格局上基本形成了以豫北、山东中部山地丘陵区为核心的增长区以及以环京津、环济南地区为核心的持续下降区。② 黄淮海平原耕地经济、社会及生态功能的耦合度及协调度空间差异显著,且退耦化现象日渐突出;经济发达地区耕地的社会及生态功能演化速率普遍滞后于经济功能。③ 黄淮海平原耕地的功能演化是区域本底因素与外部驱动因素综合作用的结果;城镇化与工业化进程中人口、产业的转型对耕地经济、社会及生态功能演化的强度及方向起决定性作用。并指出：黄淮海平原应激活农业现代化、产业化发展动力,促进传统农业的转型升级,充分考虑耕地功能演化的区域分异特征,实行由发达城市地区到欠发达传统农区的差异化、多元化的耕地多功能利用与管理模式。     

Knowledge-guided data-driven evidential belief modeling of mineral prospectivity in Cabo de Gata,SE Spain

Spurious evidence and spurious spatial associations between target mineral deposits and certain classes of spatial data undermine GIS-based data-driven modeling of mineral prospectivity. In a case study application of data-driven evidential belief functions, such problems were recognized and then, based on sound geological judgment, were addressed accordingly. By invoking knowledge of genetic associations between mineral deposits of the type sought and spatial geological attributes (lithology, fault/fracture density, hydrothermal alteration intensity), spurious spatial associations depicted in ‘original’ evidence maps were addressed by treatment of input spatial data via applications of certain basic GIS functionalities in order to derive ‘treated’ evidence maps. By invoking knowledge of geological processes involved in the formation of mineral deposits of the type sought and knowledge of how operations to combine evidence maps function, the integration of evidence maps was guided such that the inter-play of geological processes involved in the formation of mineral deposits of the type sought is represented in the modeling procedure and such that spurious evidence is filtered and not transmitted into the output map representing likelihood of mineral deposit occurrence in every location within a study area. The results show that: (a) using ‘treated’ evidence maps, instead of ‘original’ evidence maps, results in better mineral prospectivity maps and, thus, (b) knowledge-guided data-driven modeling of mineral prospectivity is better than a ‘purely’ data-driven modeling of mineral prospectivity.     

User Desires and Graphics Capability in the Academic Environment

Abstract

In this paper the cartographic grids engraved on two antique instruments from Iran for finding the sacred direction and distance to Mecca are discussed. It appears that these grids can be well explained in terms of the Mecca-centred retro-azimuthal orthographic projection described in 1968 by J. E. Jackson. In this projection the lines of constant latitude reduce to a set of ellipses with their major axes parallel to the equator and the lines of the constant longitudes reduce to a set of non-equidistant straight lines parallel to the north-south direction. It is shown that the curves actually engraved on the instrument conform to this projection and can be fairly easily constructed. This interpretation of the grid on the Iranian instruments stands in contrast with another explanation, recently proposed by King (1999), which is based on medieval Arabic concepts such as the so-called 'methods of the zijes'. Insufficiently accurate workmanship makes it impossible to distinguish between the two explanations through the study of the instruments themselves. The newly gained insight into the projection itself, however, shows that a direct relation between the Iranian maps and Islamic mappings insight knows from the ninth century, as suggested by King, does not exit. Thus, it is concluded that it is as yet completely unknown when and where the very idea behind the Iranian cartographic grid was first conceived, and that the quest for their historical background is still open.     

Earthquake site effect modeling in the Granada basin using a 3-D indirect boundary element method

In this work, we develop the indirect boundary element method (IBEM) to simulate the seismic site response in a realistic, large-scale 3-D sedimentary basin. Most previous applications of boundary element method have used full-space Green’s functions for wave propagation between element points. We use half-space Green’s functions, which include the seismic wavefield interactions at the free surface and require only the boundary elements of the basin interface. In this way, the size of the matrix equation for solution in the IBEM can be reduced to approximately a quarter of that using full-space Green’s functions. The site response modeling of the Granada basin in southern Spain using the IBEM shows that the basin-induced scattering waves were identified as propagating back and forth inside the basin. The scattered waves also generate surface waves that are weakly propagated outside of the basin. The wave propagation inside and outside of the basin shows different patterns. We observe that the scattered wave is locally amplified, and its propagation direction deviates from that of the incident waves propagation direction. Therefore, the computed seismic response in the basin could provide us with good estimates of the seismic motion.     

Special Issue on parallel processing in GIS

This paper explores three theoretical approaches for estimating the degree of correctness to which the accuracy figures of a gridded Digital Elevation Model (DEM) have been estimated depending on the number of checkpoints involved in the assessment process. The widely used average‐error statistic Mean Square Error (MSE) was selected for measuring the DEM accuracy. The work was focused on DEM uncertainty assessment using approximate confidence intervals. Those confidence intervals were constructed both from classical methods which assume a normal distribution of the error and from a new method based on a non‐parametric approach. The first two approaches studied, called Chi‐squared and Asymptotic Student t, consider a normal distribution of the residuals. That is especially true in the first case. The second case, due to the asymptotic properties of the t distribution, can perform reasonably well with even slightly non‐normal residuals if the sample size is large enough. The third approach developed in this article is a new method based on the theory of estimating functions which could be considered much more general than the previous two cases. It is based on a non‐parametric approach where no particular distribution is assumed. Thus, we can avoid the strong assumption of distribution normality accepted in previous work and in the majority of current standards of positional accuracy. The three approaches were tested using Monte Carlo simulation for several populations of residuals generated from originally sampled data. Those original grid DEMs, considered as ground data, were collected by means of digital photogrammetric methods from seven areas displaying differing morphology employing a 2 by 2 m sampling interval. The original grid DEMs were subsampled to generate new lower‐resolution DEMs. Each of these new DEMs was then interpolated to retrieve its original resolution using two different procedures. Height differences between original and interpolated grid DEMs were calculated to obtain residual populations. One interpolation procedure resulted in slightly non‐normal residual populations, whereas the other produced very non‐normal residuals with frequent outliers. Monte Carlo simulations allow us to report that the estimating function approach was the most robust and general of those tested. In fact, the other two approaches, especially the Chi‐squared method, were clearly affected by the degree of normality of the residual population distribution, producing less reliable results than the estimating functions approach. This last method shows good results when applied to the different datasets, even in the case of more leptokurtic populations. In the worst cases, no more than 64–128 checkpoints were required to construct an estimate of the global error of the DEM with 95% confidence. The approach therefore is an important step towards saving time and money in the evaluation of DEM accuracy using a single average‐error statistic. Nevertheless, we must take into account that MSE is essentially a single global measure of deviations, and thus incapable of characterizing the spatial variations of errors over the interpolated surface.     

The DDO Short-Period Binary RV Program

The short-period binary radial velocity program at the David Dunlap Observatory is described in some detail, with a brief summary on its history. The program is now reaching its 100-th orbit, with about 40 more orbits remaining within our access to Northern ( δ < –15), bright <10 mag), short−period(< 1 day) binary systems. All data are processed uniformly using the Broadening Function (BF) formalism which offers best information extraction and permits analysis of heavily rotationally blended spectra. Many close binaries appear to have visual or spectroscopic companions.     

A process‐based transfer function approach to model tile‐drain hydrographs

Tile‐drain response to rainfall events is determined by unsaturated vertical flow to the water table, followed by horizontal saturated water movement. In this study, unsaturated vertical movement from the redistribution of water is modelled using a sharp‐front approximation, and the saturated horizontal flow is modelled by an approximate solution to the Boussinesq equation. The unsaturated flow component models the fast response that is associated with the presence of preferential flow paths. By convoluting the responses of the two components, a transfer function is developed that predicts tile‐drain response to unit amounts of infiltrated water. It is observed that the unsaturated flow component can be cast in a form that is linear in a power function of the infiltrated depth. Since the approach is process based, model parameter definitions are easily identified with soil properties at the field scale. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the transfer function model parameters can be estimated from moment analysis. Using superposition, the transient tile‐drain response to arbitrary amounts of infiltrated water can be constructed. Comparison with data measured from the Water Quality Field Station show that this approach provides a promising method for generating tile‐drain response to rainfall events. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.