景观功能网络的等级与结构探讨

景观生态系统由多个层次水平的等级体系所组成,在不同的时空尺度下,其结构与功能间具有不同的相互依存关系,透过网络的概念有助于整合景观的等级性与复杂性。为探讨景观功能在空间中的相互作用,本文将其区分为以经济发展为目标,城市中心为主体,交通干线为主要联系廊道的城市功能网络;及以生态保护为目标,保护区或未开发区为主体,河流或绿带为主要联系廊道的生态功能网络,同时进一步阐明不同尺度中景观功能网络的结构、功能及其间的相互关系,期望为未来景观结构调整与功能协调提供理论与实践依据。     

Expanded superposition method for impedance functions of inclined‐pile groups

This paper presents a superposition method expanded for computing impedance functions (IFs) of inclined‐pile groups. Closed‐form solutions for obtaining horizontal, vertical, and rocking IFs, estimated by using pile‐to‐pile interaction factors, are proposed. IFs of solitary inclined piles, crossed IFs, and explicit incorporation of compatibility conditions for pile‐head movements are also appropriately taken into consideration. All of these factors should be known in advance and will be computed and shown for the most relevant cases. The accuracy of the proposed closed‐form solutions is verified for 2 × 2 and 3 × 3 square inclined‐pile groups embedded in an isotropic viscoelastic homogeneous half‐space soil medium, with hysteretic damping. The pile‐to‐pile interaction factors are computed by means of a three‐dimensional time‐harmonic boundary elements–finite elements coupling formulation. The results indicate that the IFs obtained from the proposed method are in good agreement with those obtained from the coupling formulation. Furthermore, crossed vertical‐rocking IFs of solitary piles need to be appropriately considered for obtaining rocking IFs when the number of piles is small. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

天山中部天然云杉林凋落物层水文生态功能研究

选取了4种不同郁闭度天然云杉林分,通过对凋落物层的蓄积量、最大持水量、最大持水率、吸水速率及有效拦蓄量进行测定分析,研究了其水文生态功能.结果表明:郁闭度为0.8的云杉林分凋落物层蓄积量最大为21.99 t/hm2,而郁闭度为0.2的云杉林分凋落物层蓄积量最小仅为10.20 t/hm2,4种林分凋落物蓄积量交化总体趋势...     

生态博弈背景下的京张区域协调发展研究

目前,京张区域生态问题已引起社会的广泛关注,基于生态联系的京张区域整合是首都圈区域整合的重要内容。通过实地走访调查,发现由于京张所追求的目标不同,从而决定了对区域生态环境的价值观不同,即京张区域协调发展面临的主要问题：生态价值观的矛盾;生态补偿机制的不完善;生态价值难以量化;生态掠夺导致的社会道德问题。通过对这些问题的分析,提出如下建议：首先是转变政府职能,建立全新的新型的政府机构;其次是引入第三方监督体制;第三是京张放弃分歧,强化合作意识;第四是完善补偿机制,为京张区域协调发展作出应有的贡献。     

AN INTEGRATION METHOD WITH FITTING CUBIC SPLINE FUNCTIONS TO A NUMERICAL MODEL OF 2ND-ORDER SPACE-TIME DIFFERENTIAL REMAINDER——FOR AN IDEAL GLOBAL SIMULATION CASE WITH PRIMITIVE ATMOSPHERIC EQUATIONS

In this paper,the forecasting equations of a 2nd-order space-time differential remainder are deduced from the Navier-Stokes primitive equations and Eulerian operator by Taylor-series expansion.Here we introduce a cubic spline numerical model(Spline Model for short),which is with a quasi-Lagrangian time-split integration scheme of fitting cubic spline/bicubic surface to all physical variable fields in the atmospheric equations on spherical discrete latitude-longitude mesh.A new algorithm of"fitting cubic spline—time step integration—fitting cubic spline—……"is developed to determine their first-and2nd-order derivatives and their upstream points for time discrete integral to the governing equations in Spline Model.And the cubic spline function and its mathematical polarities are also discussed to understand the Spline Model’s mathematical foundation of numerical analysis.It is pointed out that the Spline Model has mathematical laws of"convergence"of the cubic spline functions contracting to the original functions as well as its 1st-order and 2nd-order derivatives.The"optimality"of the 2nd-order derivative of the cubic spline functions is optimal approximation to that of the original functions.In addition,a Hermite bicubic patch is equivalent to operate on a grid for a 2nd-order derivative variable field.Besides,the slopes and curvatures of a central difference are identified respectively,with a smoothing coefficient of 1/3,three-point smoothing of that of a cubic spline.Then the slopes and curvatures of a central difference are calculated from the smoothing coefficient 1/3 and three-point smoothing of that of a cubic spline,respectively.Furthermore,a global simulation case of adiabatic,non-frictional and"incompressible"model atmosphere is shown with the quasi-Lagrangian time integration by using a global Spline Model,whose initial condition comes from the NCEP reanalysis data,along with quasi-uniform latitude-longitude grids and the so-called"shallow atmosphere"Navier-Stokes primitive equations in the spherical coordinates.The Spline Model,which adopted the Navier-Stokes primitive equations and quasi-Lagrangian time-split integration scheme,provides an initial ideal case of global atmospheric circulation.In addition,considering the essentially non-linear atmospheric motions,the Spline Model could judge reasonably well simple points of any smoothed variable field according to its fitting spline curvatures that must conform to its physical interpretation.     

上海佘山(SSE)地震台站下方170km深度低速界面研究

利用接收函数多次波研究了上海SSE台站下方170 km深度低速界面.通过全波场理论接收函数模拟,对观测资料进行了合理解释.结合该区域已有研究成果,推断该低速界面可能由软流圈中的低速异常体引起.另一方面,该结果也和面波层析成像结果相一致.     

中国大陆背景噪声成像研究及应用前景

对长时间序列的背景地震噪声进行互相关计算可以得到台站间的经验格林函数,这种方法不依赖天然地震及人工震源,仅利用台站记录的背景噪声就能得到地下结构,该方法可以更为便捷地获得地震活动性较低地区的地下构造.随着背景噪声层析成像技术的发展应用,该方法会进一步提高地壳上地幔速度模型的分辨率.本文综述了背景噪声成像技术及其在中国大...     

博物馆社会服务职能的现状与思考——以烟台自然博物馆建设为例

现当代博物馆是新形势下博物馆的发展趋势,它改变了传统博物馆被动保守的运作模式,实现由＂以藏品为中心＂向＂以公众为中心＂的理念转变,既能使公众领略自然科学的魅力和获取美的享受与感悟,还能突出地域特色和时代理念,实现贴近实际、贴近生活、贴近群众的时代使命。通过对烟台自然博物馆社会服务职能的分析定位,对如何在新时期更好开展博物馆社会服务职能工作有一定交流借鉴价值。     

北半球500hpa月高度距平场的球函数谱结构

给出了用场集球函数展开系数分析其距平场集模方球函数谱结构的方案。用１９５１￣１９８６年１、７月北半球５００ｈｐａ高度场球函数展开系数，分析了距平均的球函数谱结构。结果表明，它们具有低维、低阶的特点，距平环流的基本特征及季节、年际变化可以用不足５０个球函数分量较精确地描述。     

地磁水平场转换函数的短期前兆

利用昌黎、白家疃1972～1997年的磁变仪资料，计算了水平场台际转换函数和单台垂直场转换函数．通过对转换函数变化全过程的分析，注意到仅仅水平场转换函数在唐山地震之前有明显的短期前兆．这给地震预报提供了一个新的可能捕捉到短期前兆的手段．