热红外遥感火星矿物填图方法初步研究及应用

利用热辐射光谱仪（TES）数据,对火星进行热红外遥感矿物填图。通过对几种典型填图方法的简要介绍,结合火星环境及方法的使用条件,对填图结果进行简单比较,初步分析了填图方法的差异性,为火星矿物填图的进一步研究提供了基础,并为方法和模型的进一步改进提供了依据。     

热应力对恐龙化石风化损坏的影响研究

由热应力引起的热破裂作用是造成恐龙化石破坏的一个重要因素。在太阳照射条件下,由于受热不均匀及日照的长久往复循环作用,使得化石表面发生热破裂作用,导致化石表面产生裂缝,加速了恐龙化石风化。采用模拟实验的方式,主要针对恐龙化石试件的物理力学受力变形特性进行研究。通过有限差分软件FLAC3D进行数值模拟,揭示日光辐射造成的恐龙化石温度差异分布对化石风化的影响。试验结果表明:恐龙化石不同部位的温度差异,是造成化石内部热应力分布不均匀的重要原因,热应力的不均匀性导致化石发生热破裂,加速了化石风化受损,因此化石保存要尽量放在恒温环境下,避免化石温度往复变化。     

On agricultural drought monitoring in Australia using Himawari-8 geostationary thermal infrared observations

Monitoring agricultural drought effectively and timely is important to support drought management and food security. Effective drought monitoring requires a suite of drought indices to capture the evolution process of drought. Thermal infrared signals respond rapidly to vegetation water stress, thus being regarded useful for drought monitoring at the early stage. Several temperature-based drought indices have been developed considering the role of land surface temperature (LST) in surface energy and water balance. Here, we compared the recently proposed Temperature Rise Index (TRI) with several agricultural drought indices that also use thermal infrared observations, including Temperature Condition Index (TCI), Vegetation Health Index (VHI) and satellite-derived evapotranspiration ratio anomaly (Δf_RET) for a better understanding of these thermal infrared drought indices. To do so, we developed a new method for calculating TRI directly from the top-of-atmosphere brightness temperatures in the two split-window channels (centered around ∼11 and 12 μm) rather than from LST. TRI calculated using the Himawari-8 brightness temperatures (TRI_BT) and LST retrievals (TRI_LST), along with the other LST-based indices, were calculated for the growing season (July–October) of 2015−2019 over the Australian wheatbelt. An evaluation was conducted by spatiotemporally comparing the indices with the drought indices used by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology in the official drought reports: the Precipitation Condition Index (PCI) and the Soil Moisture Condition Index (SMCI). All the LST-based drought indices captured the wet conditions in 2016 and dry conditions in 2019 clearly. Ranking of Pearson correlations of the LST-based indices with regards to PCI and SMCI produced very similar results. TRI_BT and TRI_LST showed the best agreement with PCI and SMCI (r > 0.4). TCI and VHI presented lower consistency with PCI and SMCI compared with TRI_BT and TRI_LST. Δf_RET had weaker correlations than the other LST-based indices in this case study, possibly because of outliers affecting the scaling procedure. The capability of drought early warning for TRI was demonstrated by comparing with the monthly time series of the greenness index Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) in a case study of 2018 considering the relatively slow response of the greenness index to drought. TRI_BT and TRI_LST had a lead of one month in showing the changing dryness conditions compared with VCI. In addition, the LST-based indices were correlated with annual wheat yield. Compared to wheat yields, all LST-based indices had a peak correlation in September. TRI_BT and TRI_LST had strong peak and average correlations with wheat yield (r ≥ 0.8). We conclude that TRI has promise for agricultural drought early warning, and TRI_BT appears to be a good candidate for efficient operational drought early warning given the readily accessible inputs and simple calculation approach.     

2005年渤海海冰冰厚热力增长特征实验的个例研究

认识渤海海冰冰厚热力增长特征,是开发利用海冰资源的理论基础.本文通过2005年1月12日-27日在辽东湾鲅鱼圈和渤海湾黄骅海冰现场实验个例研究得出:鲅鱼圈的累积冰厚平均日增量1.33 em/d,平均冰厚日变化为3 cm;黄骅的累计冰厚平均日增量为0.54 cm/d,平均冰厚变化22.3 cm;冰厚从0 cm增长到10 cm所需的时间为鲅鱼圈5 d左右,黄骅10 d左右;冰厚日变化与日平均气温和日平均冰温与之间相关性显著,但冰厚对气温和冰温降低的反应有一定的滞后性;当环境温度持续下降时,累积冰厚与累积气温之间有显著的正相关,当环境温度上升时,累积冰厚与累积气温之间相关性逆转.     

西伯利亚高压与冬季欧亚大陆热力变化的关系

主要应用EOF方法和相关、合成、小波等分析方法,初步分析了冬季欧亚大陆北部区域地面热力变化特征和西伯利亚高压(SH)的相互联系,结果表明:冬季欧亚大陆北部与南部不同区域间存在反向的热力差异,其中北部区域变化最为强烈,其地面气温存在2～4a为周期的年际振荡和准10 a为周期的年代际变化特征.SH与欧亚大陆北部区域热力变化有着紧密联系,当SH位置偏南(北),则该区域地面温度偏高(低),即SH平均纬度位置南北移动1.0°时,该区域的平均气温就变化0.65℃.进一步分析表明欧亚大陆北部区域热力异常和SH中心纬度位置的南北摆动与中高纬度环流经向度异常所激发的冷、暖平流的活动有密切联系.     

偶极子型热源和地形共同强迫下局域流型的演变特征

用带有热源强迫和地形强迫的准地转正压模式,实施了6组时间积分为72个模式日的数值积分。结果指出：不同的初始状态,会产生不同的渐近行为,包括准平衡态、阻尼振荡和非阻尼振荡,显示出明显的非线性特征。热源强迫场空间结构的复杂程度,对系统时间演变特征也有重要影响。     

大气中CO_2含量增长后的温室效应对我国未来农业生产的可能影响

大气中CO_2含量升高引起的气候变化是目前人们十分关注的问题,地球变暖是不少科学家的共同看法.本文根据赵宗慈估算的CO_2含量增加1倍时对我国气候的可能影响,分析了这种变化对农业热量资源及农业生产的可能影响.结果表明:积温将增加无霜期延长,种植界线向北推移,对我国粮食产量的影响区域间差异较大,三北地区为增产趋势,华南为减产趋势.     

青藏高原与印度洋热力对比及其与南亚夏季风的关系

本文基于1979-2017年逐日再分析资料,通过分析对流层中上层青藏高原和印度洋之间的热力差异,提出了一个热力对比指数(TCI),并分析了TCI与南亚夏季风的强度和爆发时间的关系.研究表明:相比单独的青藏高原或者印度洋的温度,TCI能更好地表示南亚夏季风强度的变化.TCI越大时,南亚夏季风爆发时间越早;TCI逐候增量的...     

哈萨克斯坦地区活动地幔构造特征与地震活动性的关系(译文)

强烈地震源(M≥6)位于厚度大于10 km的活动地幔层下伏的造山带范围内,天山和高加索地下输送的热柱通道位置不一,这种因素和固结地壳构造的区域差别都影响地震活动的最大能量水平。     

引水隧洞工程中热应力对围岩表层稳定性的影响分析

岩石中的热应力作用,是岩石热学问题中的一个重要研究内容。热应力由温度变化造成,温度的周期性变化引起热应力的周期性变化,热应力周期性作用导致岩石的疲劳破坏。以雅砻江锦屏水电站深埋引水隧洞为例,分析隧洞围岩温度场的分布特征,根据热应力交变作用特点,提出岩石的疲劳破坏判据,并利用这个判据分析热应力作用下隧洞围岩表层的破坏特点。