等角投影理论和方法综述

等角投影与其它性质投影比较之，其研究尤为深刻，应用也最为广泛。本文对等角投影的历史发展作了简单回顾，重点对等角投影的数学基础、等角投影的一般公式、等角投影变形量度、具有极值特性的等角投影和探求等角投影的方法进行了综述。最后提出需要继续研究的若干问题作为等角投影研究展望。     

SOME EMPIRICAL EXAMPLES OF CENTRAL PLACE MODEL IN CHINA''S RURAL AND URBAN STUDIES

Sincethe195Os,theCentralPlaceTheory(Cpp)hasbeenprevailingallovertheWest.Nevertheless,theaPplicationofthismodelinChinasplanningworkusedtobeanargUableproblem.Negativeviewswerefl.thehyPothesisabouttl1enatUralandhumanhomogeneityisdevoicedfromthereality;2.thetheorytvasge11eratedfrol11caPitalistsociety,wherethehistorical,socialandeconomicconditionsaredifferentfromChina's.Inrecentyears,theauthorshavetriedtoapplyCppmode1toChina'Surbanal1dregionalplanning,thesatisfactoryresu1tsprovedthegenera1ada…     

Evaluation of crystallization temperatures of mineral paragenesis in consolidated crust and uppermost mantle from explosion seismology data

In terms of the general endogeneous evolution of the lithosphere, the continental crystalline crust and the uppermost mantle, formed by regional metamorphic and magmatic processes, show mineral paragenesis stratification, expressed by a regular mineral sequence. The continuous macrolayering of mineral paragenesis through lithospheric depth profile is caused by phase transformations and variations in composition of complex natural systems, and affects the vertical distribution of seismic velocities,V _p,V _s, and other physical parameters.To evaluate palaeotemperatures (crystallization temperatures of mineral paragenesis), consistentV _pandV _s (Z) velocity models for the consolidated crust of two regionally separated areas of different geological structures — Precambrian shield (Voronezh Massif) and a young fold-mountain structure in the central part of the Transasian orogeneous belt (Himalaya) — are used as starting data.The velocity models are recalculated into (Z) and (Z) profiles (Z) being the seismic parameter. (Z) the Debye temperature). These, according to Debye theory, allow the determination of variations in entropy, thermodynamic and temperature gradients at the time of crustal generation.For the two regions chosen, palaeotemperature distributions are eventually calculated for the depth intervals given by velocity profiles. Crystallization temperatures calculated from seismic data show good agrrement with the values obtained from mineralogical thermobarometry.     

高职《工程测量》课程的教学实践

根据《工程测量》课程教学的经验体会，探讨搞好高职院校测量课程教学的有关问题，主要是学生学习兴趣的培养、综合素质的提高以及理论和实践教学等，以供参考。     

A VLBI Delay Model for Radio Sources at a Finite Distance

A relativistic delay model for Earth-based very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observation of sources at finite distances is derived. The model directly provides the VLBI delay in the scale of terrestrial time. The effect of the curved wave front is represented by using a pseudo source vector K = (R ₁ + R ₂)/(R ₁ + R ₂), and the variation of the baseline vector due to the difference of arrival time is taken into account up to the second-order by using Halley’s method. The precision of the new VLBI delay model is 1 ps for all radio sources above 100 km altitude from the Earth’s surface in Earth-based VLBI observation. Simple correction terms (parallax effect) are obtained, which can also adopt the consensus model (e.g. International Earth Rotation and Reference Frames Service conventions) to finite-distance radio source at R > 10 pc with the same precision. The new model may enable estimation of distance to the radio source directly with VLBI delay data.     

海权论与俄罗斯海权地理不利性评析

本文概要介绍了马汉的海权理论及俄罗斯的海权思想与实践。提出海岸条件、出海通道、海岸间的地理联系是制约海权发展的三个最直接的地理因素。在此基础上,分析了俄罗斯的海权地理状况,指出俄罗斯海权发展存在显著的、巨大的地理制约性。     

Investigation on the Load/Unload Response Ratio With Coda Q-1 as Response

The load/unload response ratio YQ with the geophysical parameter coda Q-1 of the crust as response is denned in this study.The variation in YQ-1 before and after the Northridge earthquake of January 17,1994(California)has been investigated by using the data of coda Q-1 with frequencies of 1.5,3.0,6.0,12.0,and 24.0 Hz in the Southern California from 1987 to 1994.It can be found that YQ-1 for coda waves with all frequencies,the frequency of 12.0 Hz excluded,ascended to a certain extent prior to the occurrence of the rnainshock and returned to normality after the main shock.     

GM(1,1)模型在沉降预报中的应用

本文提出采用灰色理论进行定量预报的方法。讨论GM(1，1)沉降预报模型的建立以及应用问题，并使用建立的预报模型对沉降控制点沉陷量进行预报。结果表明，用GM(1，1)模型进行预报具有理论的可行性和现实意义，说明灰色理论在地表沉降预报领域具有实用价值。     

Growth of homogeneously nucleated water droplets: a quantitative comparison of experiment and theory

The formation of aerosols proceeds through nucleation, growth and aging stages. The understanding of nucleation and droplet growth is essential for handling the more complex atmospheric condensation processes. To achieve this goal, measurements of the nucleation rate of various systems are performed in an expansion chamber. In this manner nucleation and growth are decoupled by applying a short nucleation pulse of about 1 ms during which the nuclei are formed. The subsequent droplet growth is quantitatively monitored by Mie-scattering. To this end, the Mie-maxima and -minima are detected as a function of time and compared to theoretical Mie-scattering calculations for increasing radii. In this fashion, a wealth of growth curves for pure water depending on supersaturations, number densities of droplets, and temperatures were obtained. Following the approach of Fuchs and Sutugin [Fuchs, N.A., Sutugin, A.G., 1970. Highly Dispersed Aerosols. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor; Fuchs, N.A., Sutugin, A.G., 1971. In: Hidy, G.M., Brock, J.R. (Eds.), International Reviews in Aerosol Physics and Chemistry: Topics in Current Aerosol Research (Part 2), Pergamon, New York, p. 1], we calculated theoretical growth curves taking into account the depletion of water vapor, the increase of droplet- and system-temperature, temperature-dependent functions of the diffusion coefficient, surface tension, liquid density and latent heat of condensation. The calculated growth curves and experimental data for 230, 240 and 250 K with number densities of droplets between 5×10² and 2×10⁶ droplets/cm³ yield quantitative agreement between theory and experiment. This is remarkable in so far as the theory contains no adjustable parameters and assumes the sticking probability of the vapor molecules to be unity. Using a sticking probability smaller than 0.8 in the calculation leads to growth functions already outside the experimental error.     

地质环境合理开发利用集对论准则

资源与环境是当今社会面临的两大问题，是影响可持续发展的重要因素。地质环境具有资源与灾害的双重属性，不合理的开发利用将引发环境负效应，其影响具有扩散性与延滞性。本文借鉴集对论基本原理与方法，对城市化进程中地质环境的合理开发利用提出总体思路及其具体途径。