A Comparison of the International Charters on Geographical Education

This article uses discourse analysis techniques associated with Foucauldian archaeology to examine the two international charters developed by the International Geographical Union Commission on Geographical Education (IGU-CGE), the original one in 1992 and the revised version endorsed in 2016 at the Beijing conference. The examination considers the consultation and development processes before outlining similarities and differences in the messages communicated and how discourses have changed through time. The article concludes with recommendations for the geography education community for the future.     

The market(able) place of school geography scholarship, 2007–2016

This report analyses a decade of geography scholarship student entry and achievement data (n = 10,205) to reveal patterns and trends of high‐achieving school students. The study is an exploratory analysis, the aim of which is to describe where the greatest scholarship success has occurred, as well as attendant demographic characteristics of New Zealand's most capable geography students and their schools. Emerging from the regions is a localised story of students from an extremely narrow number of schools achieving disproportionate scholarship success. This raises questions in the wider geography teaching community about the possibility of a broader constituency achieving scholarship awards.     

Introduction to Focus Section: Out in the World: Geography's Complex Relationship with Civic Engagement

Geographers have long been at the forefront of participating in and exploring the intersection of geographic knowledge and community-engaged research. This Focus Section highlights key debates and challenges facing geographers who participate in community-engaged work, explorations of pedagogical and ethical practices, departmental and institutional challenges, and examples of thoughtful applications of geographic knowledge to community-based work. It also seeks to generate knowledge and discussion of how geographers can employ civic engagement to advance geographic learning and enhance the profile of the discipline within and beyond higher education institutions. By focusing on such issues, this collection of articles contributes in vital ways to meet the challenges that higher education institutions face in demonstrating the relevance of academic learning to societal issues. This introduction to the Focus Section reviews the historical context of civic engagement in geography, provides a broad-scale look at the state of civically engaged research in U.S. institutions of higher learning, and highlights the contributions of each of the individual articles included in this Focus Section.     

The city,the (Member) state,and the European Union

This contribution to a Debate on “The Nation-State and the city” foregrounds the recently adopted Urban Agenda for the European Union. It discusses the new role of cities in the European policy making process and its relevance for relations between State and City in the light of EU membership.     

中国新时代城乡融合与乡村振兴

城市与乡村是一个有机体,只有二者可持续发展,才能相互支撑。依据人地关系地域系统学说,城乡融合系统、乡村地域系统是全新认知和理解城乡关系的理论依据。针对日益严峻的“乡村病”问题,全面实施乡村振兴,既是推进城乡融合与乡村持续发展的重大战略,也是破解“三农”问题,决胜全面建成小康社会的必然要求。本文探讨了新时代城乡融合与乡村振兴的基础理论,剖析了乡村发展面临的主要问题,提出了问题导向的中国城乡融合与乡村振兴科学途径及研究前沿领域。结果表明：① 城乡融合与乡村振兴的对象是一个乡村地域多体系统,包括城乡融合体、乡村综合体、村镇有机体、居业协同体,乡村振兴重在推进城乡融合系统优化重构,加快建设城乡基础网、乡村发展区、村镇空间场、乡村振兴极等所构成的多级目标体系。② 中国“三农”问题本质上是一个乡村地域系统可持续发展问题,当前乡村发展正面临主要农业生产要素高速非农化、农村社会主体过快老弱化、村庄建设用地日益空废化、农村水土环境严重污损化和乡村贫困片区深度贫困化等“五化”难题。③ 乡村是经济社会发展的重要基础,城乡融合与乡村振兴战略相辅相成,乡村振兴应致力于创建城乡融合体制机制,推进乡村极化发展,按照产业兴旺、生态宜居、乡风文明、治理有效、生活富裕的要求,构建乡村地域系统转型—重构—创新发展综合体系。④ 乡村振兴地理学研究应着眼于乡村地域系统的复杂性、综合性、动态性,探究以根治“乡村病”为导向的新型村镇建设方案、模式和科学途径,为实现新时代中国乡村振兴战略提供理论参考。     

中国县域贫困综合测度及2020年后减贫瞄准

贫困问题长期以来受到世界各国的重点关注。科学揭示农村贫困发生机制、贫困化格局和探究2020年后减贫瞄准策略,成为新时代中国农村贫困问题研究的重要议题。本文基于人地关系地域系统理论,多维度剖析了中国农村贫困的发生机理,构建了表征县域贫困压力的指标体系,运用BP神经网络模型对县域多维贫困压力指数进行了综合测度,识别出2020年后国家政策仍需重点倾斜的帮扶县,并划分出帮扶县的4种类型。结果表明：① 人类发展能力、自然资源禀赋、社会经济发展及由这三个维度构成的县域综合发展能力呈现出自东南沿海向西北内陆递减的规律,并与地势的三级阶梯呈现出一致性;② 2020年后仍需要国家政策倾斜的帮扶县有716个,主要分布在青藏高原高寒区、三级阶梯的过渡地带、西南喀斯特地区等生态脆弱区和少数民族集聚区;③ 识别的帮扶县可以划分为综合制约型一类重点帮扶县、人类发展能力制约型二类一般帮扶县、自然资源禀赋和社会经济水平制约型三类一般帮扶县,以及人类发展能力和社会经济水平制约型四类一般帮扶县,重点帮扶县主要集中在深度贫困地区。新时期中国贫困格局、贫困化机制、减贫路径及问题和模式,亟需深化创新精准扶贫的体制机制,这为重视和加强贫困地理学的研究提出了新机遇和新挑战。     

Green Laboratories: University Campuses as Sustainability “Exemplars” in the Arabian Peninsula

ABSTRACT

Like many universities in the West, universities across the Arabian Peninsula are increasingly home to various conspicuous sustainability initiatives. This article examines this trend at three of the region’s most prominent projects: NYU-Abu Dhabi in the Emirates, Qatar Foundation’s Education City, and Saudi Arabia’s King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. Based on the textual analysis and informed by fieldwork in these countries since 2012, this article joins interdisciplinary research in political geography, sustainability experimentation, and laboratory studies to understand their iconic campuses not as enclaves, but as “exemplars” of sustainability and renewable energy futures in the region. Tracing their effects beyond their walls, I argue that they have mostly been limited to symbolically injecting sustainability into public discourse. While more substantial shifts toward sustainable development in the region are underway, these have largely stemmed from market forces rather than a new environmental consciousness promoted by these three iconic universities.     

区域产业发展演化：路径依赖还是路径创造?

区域发展是区域产业不断演化、转型与升级的过程。近年来发展起来的演化经济地理学旨在通过分析企业进入、成长、衰退和退出等动态过程阐释企业、产业、集群、网络、城市和区域的空间演化,认为区域产业发展演化遵循路径依赖,并决定于产业技术关联。然而路径依赖式演化理论过于强调内生发展过程,忽视了外生因素和制度变革带来的路径创造机会。中国处于经济转型时期,区域产业结构变动剧烈。技术关联推动了区域产业演化,显示中国区域产业演化具有路径依赖性,同时市场化、全球化和分权化的经济转型过程为区域产业发展创造了新路径。外部联系、制度安排、行为主体的战略性行为等促进了路径创造。     

从地缘关系视角解析“一带一路”的行动路径

“一带一路”倡议是人类历史上最伟大的全球治理工程,开辟了政治地理学研究的新纪元,为地缘关系研究提供了大舞台。地理学是从时间、空间和自然—社会系统三个维度理解陆地表层过程的科学,对地缘关系研究具有独特的功能和作用。因此,从地理学视角研究地缘关系具有其他学科无法比拟的优势。“一带一路”是当前最具挑战的科学和政策命题,从地缘关系视角研究“一带一路”,需要加强四个方面的结合：① 在科学思维上,需要还原论与系统论思维相结合;② 在科学数据建设上,需要社会人文与自然环境数据相结合;③ 在科学问题选择上,需要社会过程、人文过程、政治过程和自然过程相结合;④ 在研究方法上,需要经验方法、实证方法、系统方法与大数据研究方法相结合。中国地理学者应兼顾政治地理学科建设、地缘关系的学科交叉研究和“一带一路”全球实践开展研究。     

内蒙东部及邻区晚石炭世—二叠纪构造古地理环境及演变

建立构造地层等时格架和不同构造地理单元地层的沉积相变序列,研究化石群落古生态学、生物建造发育和大地构造对环境的制约,将内蒙东部及邻区晚石炭世-二叠纪构造古地理环境及演变分为三个阶段。古亚洲洋阶段(晚石炭世—早二叠世)、兴-蒙海槽阶段(中二叠世)和兴-蒙张裂海槽阶段(晚二叠世)。区内该时期构造古地理环境始终受两条构造线控制,从南到北呈现三分性。索伦山-西拉沐伦断裂以南属华北板块,查干敖包-阿荣旗断裂以北属西伯利亚板块,两大板块之间先期为宽阔海洋,后期变窄成海槽,并夹有多个中间地块,如贺根山地块、索伦山地块、黄岗梁地块和佳木斯地块等。各地块在不同时期相互愈合并增生到板块边缘。林西地区晚二叠世晚期生物礁和海相化石的发现,马达屯期大规模火山喷发,及暴露在内蒙巴林右旗与吉林九台县的P\T角度不整合,均证明兴-蒙海槽在晚二叠世末期最终闭合,并区域褶皱隆起。