地质年代学发展历史的简要回顾及前景

简要介绍了基于矿物封闭温度的地质热年代学, 并对多种地质年代学方法, 包括U-Pb 法、 Sm-Nd法、Rb-Sr法、Lu-Hf法、Re-Os法、40Ar /39Ar法、裂变径迹( FT) 测年、(U-Th) /He法、 TIMS铀系法、宇宙成因核素定年(包括14C法等) 和年轻地下水测年(如3H /3He法等) 进行了综合评述。探讨了国际地质年代学百年来和中国20世纪80年代中期以来的发展趋势。根据近期使用情况分析, 认为U - Pb法、40Ar /39Ar法和14C法是目前使用较多的可靠测年方法。应用于山脉隆升和地貌形成的低温热年代学方法及地下水等年轻地质体系的测年, 将是地质年代学发展的重要方向。     

夏季亚洲阻塞高压识别及其对中国东北气候异常的可能影响:不同再分析资料对比

基于阻塞高压（阻高）客观识别方法,利用1979-2016年夏季（6-8月）NCEP-Ⅰ、NCEP-Ⅱ逐日再分析资料和ERA-interim逐6 h再分析资料对识别结果进行对比分析;并以D类（130°-160°E）阻高为例,讨论其对6月中国东北地区气候的可能影响。结果表明:NCEP-Ⅰ和NCEP-Ⅱ再分析资料对阻高活动天数、发生频次及年代际变化的识别结果差异较小,而ERA-interim与前两种资料的结果差别较大。3种再分析资料下,夏季各类阻高活动天数均与500 hPa高度场存在相应的显著相关区,且形态相近。但前两种资料对于各类阻高的表征结果较为一致,而ERA-interim再分析资料对各类阻高面积和范围的表征偏小。6月D类阻高活动日数与东北地区气温和降水关系密切,D类阻高活跃年,大气环流以经向型为主,东北地区低层低温、暖平流,高层高温、冷平流的结构指示大气层结不稳定,且东北上空为异常低压环流控制,上升气流较强,有利于6月东北地区出现低温多雨天气。鄂霍次克海地区是6月罗斯贝波的重要来源地之一,而6月D类阻高的形成可能与海-陆温差有关。      

杭州L波段和59-701高空探测系统资料对比分析

为比较L波段高空探测系统和59-701高空探测系统的资料异同,采用平均差、均方差比较的方法分析了杭州站平行观测一个月资料的温压湿资料,比较其异同及产生原因,为更好利用高空探测资料、改进L波段高空探测系统提供参考。通过比较发现:L波段高空探测系统比59-701高空探测系统所测的温度、高度资料更稳定、离散率更小,对提高预报准确率有利。两套系统的温度差值在70 hPa层出现明显拐点,其原因有待进一步研究。     

Water marginalization at the urban fringe: environmental justice and urban political ecology across the North–South divide

This article reconsiders the epistemic and geographic boundaries that have long separated scholarship on urban water poverty and politics in the Global North and South. We stage an encounter between the seemingly dissimilar cases of Tooleville outside of the city of Exeter in California’s Central Valley and Bommanahalli outside of Bangalore, India, to illuminate the geography of water marginalization at the fringes of urban areas, and to deepen cross-fertilization between two geographic literatures: environmental justice (EJ) and urban political ecology (UPE). We argue that there is scope for transnational learning in three arenas in particular: (1) water access, (2) state practice, and (3) political agency. In so doing, we aim to advance a genuinely post-colonial approach to theory and practice in the pressing arena of urban water politics.     

Effects of land‐cover changes on the hydrological response of interior Columbia River basin forested catchments

The topographically explicit distributed hydrology–soil–vegetation model (DHSVM) is used to simulate hydrological effects of changes in land cover for four catchments, ranging from 27 to 1033 km², within the Columbia River basin. Surface fluxes (stream flow and evapotranspiration) and state variables (soil moisture and snow water equivalent) corresponding to historical (1900) and current (1990) vegetation are compared. In addition a sensitivity analysis, where the catchments are covered entirely by conifers at different maturity stages, was conducted. In general, lower leaf‐area index (LAI) resulted in higher snow water equivalent, more stream flow and less evapotranspiration. Comparisons with the macroscale variable infiltration capacity (VIC) model, which parameterizes, rather than explicitly represents, topographic effects, show that runoff predicted by DHSVM is more sensitive to land‐cover changes than is runoff predicted by VIC. This is explained by model differences in soil parameters and evapotranspiration calculations, and by the more explicit representation of saturation excess in DHSVM and its higher sensitivity to LAI changes in the calculation of evapotranspiration. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimization techniques for integrating spatial data

Two optimization techniques ta predict a spatial variable from any number of related spatial variables are presented. The applicability of the two different methods for petroleum-resource assessment is tested in a mature oil province of the Midcontinent (USA). The information on petroleum productivity, usually not directly accessible, is related indirectly to geological, geophysical, petrographical, and other observable data. This paper presents two approaches based on construction of a multivariate spatial model from the available data to determine a relationship for prediction. In the first approach, the variables are combined into a spatial model by an algebraic map-comparison/integration technique. Optimal weights for the map comparison function are determined by the Nelder-Mead downhill simplex algorithm in multidimensions. Geologic knowledge is necessary to provide a first guess of weights to start the automatization, because the solution is not unique. In the second approach, active set optimization for linear prediction of the target under positivity constraints is applied. Here, the procedure seems to select one variable from each data type (structure, isopachous, and petrophysical) eliminating data redundancy. Automating the determination of optimum combinations of different variables by applying optimization techniques is a valuable extension of the algebraic map-comparison/integration approach to analyzing spatial data. Because of the capability of handling multivariate data sets and partial retention of geographical information, the approaches can be useful in mineral-resource exploration.     

低纬高原两次冬季南支槽强降水的对比分析

利用常规高空观测资料,对发生在云南低纬高原2007年1月31日_2月1日和2008年1月26_27日的两次南支槽强降水过程进行对比分析。结果表明,两次南支槽降水的环流形势及影响系统均不同,前者为高原南支槽前西南暖湿气流与低层切变、冷锋共同影响,属典型的“槽潮”天气;后者无明显强冷空气配合,因中低层西南急流的建立并长时间维持,新生南支槽东移补充、西南涡及静止锋的共同影响造成。物理机制上,湿位涡的CSI机制分析表明,两次过程均属于对称不稳定降水;在2007年的强降水过程中,θac密集带在地面锋区附近形成,冷暖气流形成次级垂直环流国,导致强降水强降温并伴有大范围降雪的寒潮天气出现。后者无次级垂直环流圈形成,但有两个口。,密集带锋区长久维持,滇中以西持续的上升气流不断增强且深厚,滇中以东中低层形成有弱的气流辐合带,故强降水以液体降水为主,降温不明显;两次强降水过程均有锋生,前者锋生是由切变增强西移,低层冷高压促使冷锋增强,后者锋生为东移西南涡与稳定持续的强劲西南风低空急流触发而成。     

2011年江苏南部两场大暴雨对比分析

利用高分辨率的加密气象自动站资料、FY2D卫星资料、多普勒雷达资料、常规观测资料以及6 h 1次的NCEP再分析资料等,对2011年6月18日和2011年7月18日江苏地区分别发生在梅雨期开始阶段和结束阶段的两场暴雨进行中尺度天气系统演变和雷达回波参数等特征的对比分析。结果表明:(1)6月18日的天气形势是典型的梅雨期降水形势,在梅雨锋附近产生了区域性暴雨。水汽输送主要是对流层中低层的西南暖湿气流。7月18日的局地暴雨则是出现在低压倒槽顶端右侧的偏东气流中。(2)两次暴雨过程强降水发生前都存在对流层低层辐合快速增强的过程。7月18日暴雨强降水发生前散度值下降则更为迅速。(3)两次暴雨过程中强降水区都出现在地面辐合系统附近的东北气流中,且随着地面辐合系统移动。(4)两次暴雨过程都出现了T_BB低于-62℃的强对流云团。(5)6月18日,与多个线性排列的"逆风区"对应的强回波中心形成了"列车效应";7月18日,对流回波带上单体不断流入,在低空急流左前端合并成团状强对流区,分别是形成两次暴雨的重要原因。     

地球化学异常再现性与可对比性

不同密度采样是否可以获得稳定的和可追索的地球化学模式是检验采样是否具有代表性，分析技术是否成熟的重要依据。笔者选择新疆哈密大南湖地区约6400km^2面积，进行了从超低密度(1个样／100km^2)，甚低密度(1个样／25km^2)直到低密度(1个样／4km^2)地球化学采样，对比了3种密度地球化学采样所获得的地球化学数据和异常分布模式。得出如下结论：超低密度、甚低密度、低密度地球化学调查获得的元素含量平均值和背景值非常接近；超低密度、甚低密度、低密度调查所圈定的地球化学省在形态上和变化趋势上非常相似，浓集中心的位置重合，表明不同调查阶段可获得稳定的和可追索的地球化学模式；采样密度越大数据离散程度越高，即最小值更小，最大值更大，表明元素分布的局部不均匀性，正是这种局部的不均匀性才能通过加密采样刻画出地球化学模式的细节变化，为逐步追踪矿化体奠定了基础；超低密度和甚低密度采样可以有效圈定矿集区所形成的大规模地球化学异常，低密度地球化学调查不仅可以圈定矿集区异常，同时可以圈定分散矿化的小规模局部异常。