基于RS和GIS的库木库勒盆地盐湖面积变化及气候响应

以Landsat卫星1972~2013年间5个时期的遥感影像数据为基础,结合野外实际调查和室内解译分析,运用RS和GIS技术,提取影像中盐湖湖水边界信息,并绘制了5个时期盐湖面积变化的图谱。结合库木库勒盆地气象数据(年降水量、平均气温、相对湿度、平均风速)对盐湖面积变化进行响应分析,探究盐湖变化与气候之间的相关性,并讨论气候变化对库木库勒盆地内盐湖面积变化的影响机制,探讨不同气象因子对盆地内盐湖面积变化的作用。平均气温、降水量、相对湿度对盆地内盐湖的面积扩大均有促进作用,且平均气温的作用占主导性,这为库木库勒盆地盐湖的演化研究以及盐湖资源开发提供了相应参考和借鉴材料。     

扎陵湖鄂陵湖近三十年变化的遥感监测与分析

扎陵湖、鄂陵湖是黄河源区两个最大的淡水过水湖,对黄河源区径流量与生态环境有很大影响。本文利用1976-2006年间四个不同时相的卫星遥感影像(MSS/TM/ETM+/CBERS)对扎陵湖、鄂陵湖湖面面积变化进行监测,提取水面分布范围,获得了扎陵湖、鄂陵湖湖面动态变化的数据,为掌握近三十年扎陵湖、鄂陵湖变化提供了可靠依据。近30年扎陵湖鄂陵湖水面变化是气候变化、人类活动、地质构造作用等多种因素综合作用的结果。     

基于ArcEngine的土地利用数据研究

作为土地资源调查工作主要成果的土地利用现状图,主要为反映土地利用的特点和利用的合理程度,改良土地利用方式并进一步挖掘土地潜力提供科学依据。目前土地利用数据由大比例尺向中小比例尺转换工作主要由手工操作或是基于商用软件包进行;由于手工操作环节多,工作量大、所耗周期长、技术性强、作业人员的干扰因素多,较易产生误差和错误;而商用软件包在进行土地利用数据制图综合的过程中则缺乏相关的知识规则。本文以此问题为出发点进行研究,结合土地利用数据制图综合理论体系,在ArcEngine环境下对土地利用制图综合规则及操作进行开发,生成土地利用数据制图综合模块;利用实例数据对土地利用数据制图综合模块的功能进行检验,实验结果显著地克服了手工操作中的缺点,并使综合制图的自动化体系得到完善。     

基于水体光学分类的鄱阳湖悬沙浓度反演方法研究

鄱阳湖是我国重要的湿地生态系统,对调节流域的水沙变化有着重要作用。由于鄱阳湖湖区面积广,内部差异大,单一的悬浮泥沙反演模型不足以准确反演出湖区的悬浮泥沙浓度。以实测的反射光谱数据、泥沙浓度数据为基础,提出一种基于分类后的反演模型,即根据实测数据的光谱形态特征分类出5种典型的水体类型。在此基础上,将分类后的各类水体分别建立各自合适的反演模型进行反演。结果表明基于水体分类的经验模型反演达到满意效果,平均绝对误差为0.00217g/L,平均相对误差为3.022%。基于分类后的经验反演模型适用于鄱阳湖悬沙浓度分布的监测研究,有助于更加宏观、准确的掌握鄱阳湖泥沙浓度的空间分布和变化,为保持鄱阳湖资源的可持续开发与利用提供决策依据。     

基于长时间序列遥感数据的鄱阳湖水面面积监测分析

国产高分辨率卫星的快速发展可有效弥补遥感湖泊监测中影像分辨率不足的问题,更加及时、准确地实现湖泊动态监测。利用1996～2012年155景Landsat影像和2013～2016年34景GF影像为数据源,结合湖口站水位监测数据,分别选用改进的归一化差异水体指数MNDWI和归一化差异水体指数NDWI方法提取卫星遥感影像的水体信息,同时采用统计分析的方法建立了4个时间段的鄱阳湖水体面积-水位关系模型。结果表明:在空间上,鄱阳湖水体面积整体呈现缓慢缩小的趋势;在时间上,除秋季鄱阳湖面积有明显下降趋势外,其他季节整体趋势变化不大;经验证,鄱阳湖四季水体面积-水位呈现二次函数关系。     

History of scoria-cone eruptions on the eastern shoulder of the Kenya–Tanzania Rift revealed in the 250-ka sediment record of Lake Chala near Mount Kilimanjaro

Reconstructions of the timing and frequency of past eruptions are important to assess the propensity for future volcanic activity, yet in volcanic areas such as the East African Rift only piecemeal eruption histories exist. Understanding the volcanic history of scoria-cone fields, where eruptions are often infrequent and deposits strongly weathered, is particularly challenging. Here we reconstruct a history of volcanism from scoria cones situated along the eastern shoulders of the Kenya–Tanzania Rift, using a sequence of tephra (volcanic ash) layers preserved in the ~250-ka sediment record of Lake Chala near Mount Kilimanjaro. Seven visible and two non-visible (crypto-) tephra layers in the Lake Chala sequence are attributed to activity from the Mt Kilimanjaro (northern Tanzania) and the Chyulu Hills (southern Kenya) volcanic fields, on the basis of their glass chemistry, textural characteristics and known eruption chronology. The Lake Chala record of eruptions from scoria cones in the Chyulu Hills volcanic field confirms geological and historical evidence of its recent activity, and provides first-order age estimates for seven previously unknown eruptions. Long and well-resolved sedimentary records such as that of Lake Chala have significant potential for resolving regional eruption chronologies spanning hundreds of thousands of years.     

Calibration and identifiability analysis of a water quality model to evaluate the contribution of different processes to the short-term dynamics of suspended sediment and dissolved nutrients in the surface water of a rural catchment

A method that combines calibration and identifiability analysis of a dynamic water quality model to evaluate the relative importance of various processes affecting the dynamic aspects of water composition is illustrated by a study of the response of suspended sediment and dissolved nutrients to a flood hydrograph in a rural catchment area in the Netherlands. Since the water quality model simulates the observed concentrations of suspended sediment and dissolved nutrients reasonably well, the most important processes during the observed flood hydrograph could be determined. These were erosion, exchange between dissolved phase and bed sediments and denitrification. It is concluded that the method is very useful for identifying the most significant model parameters and processes that are essential for water quality modelling. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

南洞庭湖湿地景观文化的结构与特征研究

洞庭湖是我国传统的风景名胜区,也是世界上唯一一个由三个国际重要湿地组成的湖泊。作为洞庭湖的最重要组成部分,南洞庭湖国际重要湿地蕴藏着独特的景观文化资源,在长江文明、中华文明乃至世界文明的发展中占有重要地位。根据1999～2005年的调查结果,系统地分析了南洞庭湖湿地景观文化资源的结构特征：①物质文化（稻耕文化、船文化、建筑文化、生产文化、工程文化等）;②精神文化（端午节、民俗艺术、湖乡忌禁、饮食文化、抗洪抢险、植物文化等）;③制度文化（傩文化、楚文化、历史遗迹、湿地文物等）;阐述了湿地文化的起源及地位,重点研究了15种景观文化内容。研究结果表明,南洞庭湖景观文化的本质特征（湿地文化与水文化）具有国际重要湿地背景,典型的湘楚文化特点,突出的湿地特色,独特的世界遗产特点,同时具有高度的真实性及完整性。     

Characteristics and implications of some Loch Lomond Stadial moraine ridges and later landforms,eastern Lake District,northern England

Moraine ridges and mounds of inferred Loch Lomond Stadial (LLS) age have been mapped at three sites (Fordingdale, Swindale and Wet Sleddale) in part of the eastern Lake District, northern England, and indicate glaciers were more widespread than envisaged by Sissons (1980, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, Vol. 71, pp. 13–27). The moraines delimit closely the downslope/downvalley limits of the former glaciers but there is no geomorphological evidence with which to define their upslope/upvalley margins. The former glaciers are considered to have been nourished within the confines of their individual valley, cirque and hillside embayment respectively, rather than being outlet glaciers of plateau icefields. Estimated equilibrium line altitudes (ELAs) are within the range of values determined previously for LLS glaciers in the Lake District and do not necessitate revision of established palaeoclimatic parameters. Individual ELAs were probably influenced by local factors; all three former glaciers had accumulation-area aspects between north and east, limiting the impact of direct solar radiation during the ablation season, and were adjacent to extensive areas of high ground to the west and/or south that would have facilitated transfer of snow to their surfaces by winds from those directions. In Fordingdale, three essentially contemporaneous depositional landforms occur upslope of the moraines and are considered to represent hillslope adjustments following wastage of glacier ice from the site. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鄱阳湖吴城站水位变化及修河对大湖池和沙湖水位的影响分析

为了深入分析赣江和修河对鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区大湖池和沙湖水位的影响,通过1953~2010年期间58年修河吴城站水位实测资料及2010年大湖池和沙湖水位数据,对赣江修河水位的基本特征、演变趋势及江湖关系进行分析。结果表明:(1)吴城水位变化表现为年过程线呈"单峰型"特征;在58年长时间尺度上水位的年内变化规律稳定,最高水位通常出现在6、7、8和9月,最枯水位出现在12、1、2和3月;(2)修河水位与大湖池、沙湖水面最大相差水位分别为5.43m和5.30m;枯水季节修河与大湖池、沙湖没有水流联系,因闸口控制水位,大湖池、沙湖常年不干涸;修河吴城站水位高于16.11m大湖池与修河连通,修河吴城站水位高于16.45m沙湖与修河连通。