Healthier Geographies: Mediating the Gaps between the Needs of People Living with HIV and AIDS and Health Care in Chiang Mai,Thailand

In this article, I contribute to our understanding of the plurality of approaches that construct the geographies of health care through an examination of the distribution of health care services for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. In particular, I focus on the development of a network of support groups for PLWHA in order to examine the differences in the sociospatial organization of these groups, the practices of social actors participating in the groups' activities, and how these activities are mediated through place-based social relations. The first section of the article analyzes the spatial distribution of PLWHA support groups in relation to the distribution of AIDS cases over two time periods, 1994 and 1997. The second section goes below the surface of the spatial distribution, examining similarities and differences in PLWHA support groups through an analysis of survey data collected on thirty-five groups in 1997. The final section deepens this examination through an analysis of ethnographic data collected on the outreach efforts of one nongovernmental organization (NGO) and one PLWHA support group with which it worked. Each section offers opportunities for the extension of our understanding of the development of PLWHA support groups, their distribution in relation to the spread of AIDS cases, and their place-based meanings.     

Managing migration in the Greater Mekong Subregion: Regulation,extra‐legal relation and extortion

One major aim of the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) integration programme, supported by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), is to foster regional ‘community’ for sharing resources, people and financial flows. This ‘community’ is the target of both economic growth and poverty reduction. The emphasis on ‘community’ in the ADB's mushrooming quantity of documents raises important questions about what kinds of people are included, in what roles and with what kinds of support and protection. This paper explores these questions in relation to the political economy of regulating ethnic migrants from Myanmar working in Thailand. This paper argues that extra‐legal relations between migrants and state/para‐state agents constitute a crucial part of regulation. In transferring the regulation of migration to the national scale, the ADB inadvertently reinforces national differences between Thais and cross‐border people. Additionally, the complicated and fluctuating implementation of national regulations in both countries leaves migrants subject to violence and extortion from state and quasi‐state agents in Thailand. This paper shows that the dynamics of global capitalism require ‘deportable labour’ supplied by ethnic migrants who are included in the GMS community as the most invisible, vulnerable and exploited members.     

An assessment of three satellite-based precipitation data sets as applied to the Thailand region

The study examines three satellite-based data sets to estimate long-term precipitation for the Thailand region: the Tropical Rainfall Mapping Mission (TRMM) 3B43, the Climate Prediction Centre morphing technique (CMORPH), and a locally developed regression model using the geostationary meteorological satellite (GMS) covering the Thailand region. Data for the first two sets were available at a spatial resolution of 0.25° × 0.25°, while the local regression model used data from the GMS at a resolution of 5 km × 5 km. The statistical regression model was developed by relating long-term monthly average precipitation from 27 rain gauge stations with concurrent satellite data in the visible and thermal infrared bands. The model was then tested against independent data from 27 rain gauge stations. Satellite/rain gauge ratios were estimated, and a smooth spline surface was used to correct the error from the model. Data from the three approaches were compared with a rain gauge network. The TRMM relation performed better than CMORPH, and the performance for GMS was comparable to TRMM with root mean square different and mean bias difference of 33.6 and 4.2%, respectively. The locally developed regression model was used to produce monthly and yearly total rainfall maps from the GMS data for the entire country.     

泰国东北呵叻府苏拉娜里地区新生代硅化木及其古环境意义

摘要: 泰国东北部新生代硅化木十分丰富且保存完好。经对23 件木化石标本研究,已鉴定出真双子叶植物6 科7 属约13 种,包括Canarium sp． ( Burseraceae) ; Terminalia sp． vel Combretum sp． ,Terminalia sp． ( Combretaceae) ; cf． Irvingia sp． ( Irvingiaceae) ; Cynometroxylon holdeni,Cynometroxylon sp． ,cf． Cynometroxylon spp． ,cf． Millettia spp． ( Leguminosae) ; Careya spp. ( Lecythidaceae) ; Azadirachta sp． ( Meliaceae) ; 以及其他4 个分类群( 分类位置待定) 。这些高度分化的古植物群显示出与泰国东北部现存的混合落叶林、干旱阔叶林和干旱常绿林非常相似的特征,反映了该地区当时的古气候是近于湿润的热带疏林草原气候( 热带干湿气候) 。     

难府缝合带：航空地球物理结果

Nan suture in northern Thailand, representing a complex zone with complex geology and structures, has been selected for airborne geophysical investiga-tions. The suture has been widely accepted as an early Triassic collision zone between Shan-Thai and Indo-china microcontinental blocks. Our field data suggest the occurrence of a mélange zone in response to com-pression tectonics. Moreover, previous petrochemical and field investigations suggest that the Nan suture may have been formed as a result of a subduction zone.     

泰国北部中三叠世放射虫硅质岩及其地球化学和沉积环境意义

Bedded cherts collected from northern Thailand, including Chiang Dao, Lamphun and Den Chai contain Middle Triassic radiolarian faunas. The faunas from Chiang Dao can be divided into two assemblages. The first assemblage includes Eptingium and other co-occurring species such as Cryptostephanidium cornigerum Dumitric?, Plafkerium antiquum Sugi-yama, Pseudostylosphaera compacta (Nakaseko and Nishimura), P. longispinosa Kozur and Mostler, P. acrior (Bragin), P. japonica (Nakaseko and Nishi-mura), Parasepsagon sp. cf. P. variabilis (Nakaseko and Nishimura), Hozmadia sp. cf. H. gifuensis Sugi-yama, Triassospongosphaera multispinosa (Kozur and Mostler), Celluronta donax Sugiyama, Oertlispongus sp. cf. O. diacanthus Sugiyama, Paroertlispongus multispinosus Kozur and Mostler, etc. The second as-semblage consists of Triassocampe deweveri (Na-kaseko and Nishimura), Yeharaia annulata Nakaseko and Nishimura, Hindeostylosphaera spinulosa (Na-kaseko and Nishimura), Plafkerium contortum Dumitric?, Kozur and Mostler, Pseudostylosphaera goestlingensis (Kozur and Mostler), P. timorensis Sa-shida and Kamata and Paroertlispongus rarispinosus Kozur and Mostler. These assemblages indicate upper and uppermost Anisian, respectively.     

泰国、老挝南部和越南中部的非海相白垩纪双壳类生物地层学

泰国、老挝和越南白垩纪沉积全属非海相,它们广泛分布于泰国北部、东北部、西南部和南部,老挝北部、中部和南部,越南东北部、西北部、中部和南部。泰国南部的白垩纪地层分为Lam Thap,Sam Chom和Phun Phin组;其他地区,特别是西北部的呵叻高原地区的白垩系属呵叻群的Phra Wihan,Sao Khua,Phu Phan,Khok Kruat,Maha Sarakham及Phu Thok组。在老挝,万象盆地的白垩系由老挝呵叻群的NamSet,Phu Phanang,Ban Ang,Champa和Ban Thalat组与丰洪群的Thangon和Saysomboun组组成;沙湾拿吉(东兴)盆地的白垩系由南通(河)群的Nam Phouan,Nam Xot,Nam Noy和Nong Boua组组成。越南的白垩系在西北部分为Nam Na,Yen Chau,Van Chan和Ngoi Thia组,东北部为Ban Hang组,中部分为NhaTrang,Mu Gia和Dong Dzuong组,南部则为Phu Quoc组。三国白垩系的岩性普遍以红棕色至浅灰色砂岩、砾(岩质)砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩和砾岩为主。泥岩中具有钙质结核和硅结砾岩,但盐和石膏仅见于Maha Sarakham,Saysomboun和Yen Chau组内。过去,这些白垩纪地层的生物地层没有经过详细研究。根据地层层序和化石对比,在泰国东北部呵叻高原和南部半岛地区及老挝南部沙湾拿吉(东兴)盆地中识别出了2个标记非海相白垩纪的类三角蚌类化石组合:阿普特期(但可上延至阿尔必期)的Trigonioides(Trigonioides)kobayashi-Plicatounio(Guangxiconcha)suzukii组合,阿普特阿尔必期(但主要为阿尔必期)的Trigonioides(Diversitrigonioides)diversicostatus-Pseudohyria subovalis组合。越南中部可能也产早白垩世阿普特阿尔必期的类三角蚌类双壳类Plisatouniosp.-Trigonioidessp.组合。通过双壳类组合,并结合包括孢粉和恐龙在内的其他化石的对比,泰国北部和南部、老挝南部和越南中部的非海相白垩纪地层得到了定年和对比,从而揭示了东南亚非海相白垩纪盆地的演化历史。     

Governing resilience building in Thailand's tourism-dependent coastal communities: Conceptualising stakeholder agency in social-ecological systems

In current scientific efforts to harness complementarity between resilience and vulnerability theory, one response is an ‘epistemological shift’ towards an evolutionary, learning based conception of the ‘systems-actor’ relation in social-ecological systems. In this paper, we contribute to this movement regarding the conception of stakeholder agency within social-ecological systems. We examine primary evidence from the governance of post-disaster recovery and disaster risk reduction efforts in Thailand's coastal tourism-dependent communities following the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. Through an emerging storyline from stakeholders, we construct a new framework for conceptualising stakeholder agency in social-ecological systems, which positions the notion of resilience within a conception of governance as a negotiated normative process. We conclude that if resilience theory is proposed as the preferred approach by which disaster risk reduction is framed and implemented, it needs to acknowledge much more explicitly the role of stakeholder agency and the processes through which legitimate visions of resilience are generated.     

东南亚中南半岛与中国西南邻区地层分区及沉积演化历史

本文通过对东南亚中南半岛的缅甸、泰国、柬埔寨、老挝、越南五国及毗邻的中国西南地区地层的对比研究,依据研究区构造演化、沉积岩石组合和古生物群特征将整个区域划分为5个地层分区:冈瓦纳型的印度地层区、过渡型亲冈瓦纳的滇缅马地层区、过渡型亲华南的印支地层区、属劳亚大陆的扬子地层区和华夏地层区。论述了地层区的基本特征,并进一步对各地层区间做了沉积演化对比,进而阐明了区域的重要构造事件与洋盆沉积演化历史。     

Coal facies in a Cenozoic paralic lignite bed, Krabi Basin, southern Thailand: Changing peat-forming conditions related to relative sea-level controlled watertable variations

The Cenozoic Krabi Basin in the southern part of peninsular Thailand contains about 112 million tons proven coal reserves. At present, coal is only produced from the Bang Mark mine located in the southern part of the basin, where the main lignite bed is 7-20 m thick. The lignite bed occurs in an overall paralic succession. The present paper investigates the depositional conditions of an approximately 8 m thick lignite bed (main seam) in the Bang Mark mine using organic petrography, including maceral ratios, and geochemistry. The results are further interpreted in a sequence stratigraphic context. The lignite is of low rank and is completely dominated by huminite indicating generally oxygen-deficient conditions in the precursor mire. Very low inertinite contents suggest rare occurrences of wildfires. The lower part of the lignite bed represents a topogenous fresh water peat mire with open water areas that in few cases may have experienced influx of saline water. The peat mire was subjected to periodic inundations and deposition of siliciclastics. Tissue preservation was relatively poor. The upper part of the lignite bed represents a slightly domed fresh water ombrogenous peat mire with a stable watertable and a balance between peat accumulation and accommodation space creation that favoured preservation of plant tissues. In general, the mire vegetation changed from less woody in the topogenous mire to more arborescent in the ombrogenous mire, where plants with suberinised wood cell walls also were more frequent. Decompacted, the lignite bed corresponds to a minimum ~ 11 m thick peat deposit that records from ~ 22,000 to 55,000 years of peat accumulation. Watertable rise in the peat mire was controlled overall by relative sea-level rise. In a sequence stratigraphic context, the lignite bed overlies a terrestrialisation surface (TeS; sensu Diessel, 2007) and the lowermost part records peat formation during a falling watertable and a decreasing accommodation/peat accumulation ratio (terrestrialisation). An accommodation reversal surface (ARS; sensu Diessel, 2007) indicates a change to paludification style of peat formation characterised by rising watertable and a high accommodation/peat accumulation ratio. Another ARS marks a gradual change to a situation with a balanced accommodation/peat accumulation ratio. The overall watertable rise throughout peat formation, but at a gradually slower rate from base to top, suggests that the lignite bed could be located in the late transgressive systems tract (TST).