The thermal structure of the Dvurechenskii mud volcano and its implications for gas hydrate stability and eruption dynamics

The sediment temperature distribution at mud volcanoes provides insights into their activity and into the occurrence of gas hydrates. If ambient pressure and temperature conditions are close to the limits of the gas hydrate stability field, the sediment temperature distribution not only limits the occurrence of gas hydrates, but is itself influenced by heat production and consumption related to the formation and dissociation of gas hydrates. Located in the Sorokin Trough in the northern Black Sea, the Dvurechenskii mud volcano (DMV) was in the focus of detailed investigations during the M72/2 and M73/3a cruises of the German R/V Meteor and the ROV Quest 4000 m in February and March 2007. A large number of in-situ sediment temperature measurements were conducted from the ROV and with a sensor-equipped gravity corer. Gas hydrates were sampled in pressurized cores using a dynamic autoclave piston corer (DAPC). The thermal structure of the DMV suggests a regime of fluid flow at rates decreasing from the summit towards the edges of the mud volcano, accompanied by intermittent mud expulsion at the summit. Modeled gas hydrate dissociation temperatures reveal that the gas hydrates at the DMV are very close to the stability limits. Changes in heat flow due to variable seepage rates probably do not result in changes in sediment temperature but are compensated by gas hydrate dissociation and formation.     

Honey, I cooled the cods: Modelling the effect of temperature on the structure of Boreal/Arctic fish ecosystems

Historically colder regions of the North Atlantic had fisheries dominated by only a few fish species; principally cod and capelin. Possible population dynamic mechanisms that lead to such dominance are investigated by considering how a charmingly simple published multispecies model of the North Sea would react if the system operated at a lower temperature. The existing model equations were modified to describe temperature effects on growth, fecundity and recruitment and the model was rerun based on typical temperatures for the North Sea and a colder system. The results suggest that total fish biomass in the colder system increases but the community is more vulnerable to a given rate of fishing mortality. In the colder system, within species density dependence is reduced but relative predation rates are higher. Consequently, intermediate-sized species are vulnerable to relatively high levels of predation throughout their life history and tend to be excluded, leading to a system dominated by small and large species. The model helps to explain how temperature may govern coexistence and competitive exclusion in fish communities and accounts for the observed dominance of small and large species in Boreal/Arctic ecosystems.     

中肋骨条藻和新月菱形藻对营养盐的吸收速率及环境因素影响的研究

于１９９５年３月－－１９９６年１月,通过实验室模拟培养,研究了中肋骨条菏和新月菱形藻对磷酸盐和硝酸盐的吸收速率,以及温度、光照等环境因素对新月菱形藻吸收磷酸盐的影响。结果表明,用Ｍｉｃｈａｅｌｉｓ－Ｍｅｎｔｏｎ方程处理,求得中肋骨条藻和新月菱形藻吸收磷酸盐的半饱和常数分别为０．６１μｍｏｌ／Ｌ和０．４８μｍｏｌ／Ｌ,吸收硝酸半饱和常数分别为７．８μｍｏｌ／Ｌ和６．０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ,新月菱形藻对磷酸盐     

冲绳海槽浮岩包裹体的测温试验

对浮岩中斜长石斑晶中的包裹体及玻璃基质中的包裹体首先进行双面光薄片的镜下观察，然后进行了系统的均化法与爆裂法测温试验。观察与试验结果表明：(1)斜长石中的包裹体均为玻璃质+气泡的两相包裹体，未发现气—液包裹体。固化包裹体为玻璃质，非晶质的固化包裹体外即是大量的气泡，特别是基质当中气泡更为发育，说明熔浆中含有丰富的挥发性组分，同时也说明包裹体形成于较浅的地质条件下。(2)长石中包裹体的均化温度不受包裹体特征不同的影响，均化温度分布范围从910—1250℃，峰值明显，计算的均化温度为Tz=(1081.4±177.9)℃，但还存在有高于1250℃的均化温度峰。包裹体均化法测试结果说明浮岩中斜长石的形成过程至少有两个阶段：第一阶段的岩浆温度在1200—1300℃左右，在此温度下形成的是An值较高的基性斜长石，同时结晶的还有辉石等矿物，斜长石结晶第二个阶段时的熔浆温度在1100℃以下，这一阶段持续的时间长，跨越的温度范围大，应是岩浆在近地表和岩浆喷出过程中的岩浆快速冷却期，同时伴随有矿物大规模晶出。(3)包裹体中的气相部分均聚合成圆形或近圆形，说明温度下降速度较快。斑晶斜长石中部分包裹体与基质玻璃中包裹体的形成温度是连续变化的，这一事实应该与冲绳海槽特殊的地质条件有关     

不同盐度、温度及光照对漂浮浒苔生理生态的影响

为研究不同盐度、温度及光照对漂浮浒苔生理生态的影响,我们将实验室内培养的浒苔置于不同盐度、不同温度及不同光照强度条件下培养,测定藻体光合参数。不同盐度条件下,对浒苔叶绿素荧光参数测定结果表明,在盐度为0的条件下,浒苔样品实际量子效率Fv/Fm快速降低,随后Fv/Fm维持在较低水平,在盐度10‰~40‰范围内,在前5天各处理样品Fv/Fm没有明显变化,之后样品Fv/Fm有不同程度的降低。不同实验温度条件下,对浒苔叶绿素荧光参数测定结果表明,在5℃~25℃,浒苔Fv/Fm呈现先上升后下降趋势。不同光照条件下,对浒苔叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm进行测定,其数值都在第一天发生了显著降低,之后稍有波动。藻体Fv/Fm变化有所不同,处理的前2天中,所有条件下样品都有相同幅度的降低,处理第三天时,光强400μmol/(m²·s)下比其他光强下的要显著低14%~16%;到培养后期,则以160μmol/(m²·s)下要明显较高,即160μmol/(m²·s)下藻体Fv/Fm的降低总体较为平缓。光照实验表明,浒苔在低光照条件下的实际量子效率要高于高光照条件,且最大量子效率的测定也进一步证实了该结果,表明高光照条件会引起浒苔光合作用能力下降。     

基于高分辨率模拟数据RCP4.5情景下的华中区域气候变化预估

基于RegCM4.4高分辨率区域气候模式数据和华中区域1986—2005年逐日气象观测资料,在对模式模拟性能检验的基础上,对中国华中区域未来不同时期、1.5℃和2℃温升阈值下气候变化进行预估.结果表明:模拟结果能较准确反映出区域气温、降水年内变化特征及空间分布特征;与观测值相比,气温模拟值偏低、降水模拟值偏大;与198...     

体重和温度对华贵栉孔扇贝(Chlamys nobilis)耗氧率和排氨率的影响

采用室内实验生态学方法对华贵栉孔扇贝的耗氧率和排氨率进行了研究。旨在为华贵栉孔扇贝养殖容量的调查及生态生理的研究提供参考,并可为海洋生态系统动力学和贝类能量学研究提供科学依据。实验结果表明,在实验温度(13—33℃)范围内,华贵栉孔扇贝的耗氧率(OR)和排氨率(NR)与体重(W)都呈负相关,可以用Y=aW-b表示。华贵栉孔扇贝的耗氧率和温度的关系可以表示为OR=-c+b1T-b2T2。在13—28℃温度范围内,华贵栉孔扇贝的耗氧率随温度的升高而增加,28℃时,耗氧率达到最大值,温度升高到33℃时,耗氧率反而下降。而排氨率与温度的关系可以表示为1NR=c1edT,在实验温度范围内,排氨率随温度的升高则呈持续升高趋势。华贵栉孔扇贝呼吸和排泄Q10值范围分别为0.466—2.471和1.129—2.437。在23—28℃温度范围内,不同规格华贵栉孔扇贝的耗氧率和排氨率的比值(原子数O:N)较高。方差分析表明,体重、温度及二者的交互作用对华贵栉孔扇贝的耗氧率和排氨率均有极显著的影响(P0.01)。华贵栉孔扇贝的日常代谢明显高于标准代谢,耗氧率和排氨率平均值分别提高29.9%和69.4%。     

山区年、月平均温度推算方法的研究

本文提出了山区年、月平均温度空间分布的推算方法,并提供了相应的小地形温度订正值。该方法在福建省沙溪流域山区实际应用的结果表明,能有效地揭示山区年、月平均温度空间分布的宏观与微观变化,效果满意,精度较高。     

Polar constituents of organic matter rich marls from evaporitic series of the Mulhouse basin

A suite of marl samples from the evaporitic series of the Mulhouse basin (France; Lower Oligocene) was studied for its biomarker content, in particular its polar constituents. Novel series of 3-carboxyalkyl steranes and 15-oxo triaromatic ketones were identified by synthesis. The 3-carboxyalkyl steranes probably originate from highly polar precursors yet unreported in living organisms. Our data suggest that micro-algae could be the major source of these compounds which seem to be indicators of high algal input rather than characteristic of evaporitic environments. The 15-oxo triaromatic ketones could be oxidation products of triaromatic steroid hydrocarbons formed during diagenesis, although their formation during work-up procedure could not be excluded.     

A thermo-plastic constitutive law for brittle-plastic behavior of rocks at high temperatures

Mechanical properties of rocks change under the influence of, temperature. Stress at the onset of yielding, ultimate strength, dilatancy, strain hardening and softening, and the confining pressure at brittle-ductile transition are all reduced by the increasing temperature. This study presents a framework of constitutive modeling of thermo-brittle-plastic behavior of rocks which encompasses these changes. The constitutive law is based on a thermo-plasticity theory first proposed for metals byPrager (1958). Two phenomenological mechanisms have been identified as central for the modeling: temperature dependence of the yield locus (thermal softening), and temperature dependence of the strain-hardening function (thermally enhanced ductility). Material parameters for two rocks, Carrara marble and Westerly granite, were determined on the basis of additional hypotheses. These parameters are used in numerical simulations of triaxial tests at different temperatures. The obtained stress-strain curves compare well to the experimental results. The changes with temperature in the stress at the onset of yielding are more accurately reproduced that the evolution of hardening or softening. Suggestions for possible improvements and future research directions are indicated.