Central England temperature since AD 1850: the potential of stable carbon isotopes in British oak trees to reconstruct past summer temperatures

In regions with seasonal temperate climatic regimes, tree growth is rarely controlled by any single environmental factor. As a consequence, the development of robust palaeoclimate reconstructions has proved challenging. Tree‐ring stable carbon isotope ratios (δ¹³C), however, are controlled primarily by photosynthetic rate, not by net growth. Therefore, at sites where climatic controls on tree‐ring growth are not strongly expressed, a robust (isotopic) palaeoclimate signal may still potentially be preserved. This hypothesis was tested using a 160‐year record of δ¹³C measured from the pooled latewood cellulose of six Quercus petraea L. (sessile oak) trees from Allt Lan‐las in West Wales, UK. Raw δ¹³C values were corrected for changes in the isotopic ratio of atmospheric carbon dioxide and for changes in the behaviour of trees due to the increasing availability of atmospheric CO₂ since AD 1850. Strong correlations with local summer temperature and sunshine are reported, and also with the Central England Temperature record over the full length of the isotopic chronology (AD 1850–2010) (r = 0.69, P < 0.001). We conclude that tree‐ring stable isotopes can be used to extract strong palaeoclimate signals even from oak trees growing in a temperate maritime climate. This demonstrates the potential for extracting robust palaeoclimatic information from the very long and well‐replicated oak chronologies which have been developed in western and central Europe primarily for dating rather than palaeoclimatic research purposes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of environments of coal deposition on phosphorous accumulation in a high latitude, northern Alaska, coal seam

Although phosphorus is a very important biogenic element, its concentration in coal is generally low. Phosphorus (P) concentrations typically range from 0.001% to 0.229% in raw coals of the contiguous 48 states [Glick, D.C., Davis, A., 1984. Variability in the inorganic content of United States coals—a multivariate statistical study of final report, Part 10 (DOE-30013-Flo) to the US Dept. of Energy under contract no. DE-AC22-80PC 30013, 404 pp.]. Some Alaskan coal seams contain horizons that are unusually high in phosphorus. The present paper focuses on a bituminous coal from northern Alaska, where 0.15 m subsections of this coal seam have shown high phosphorous in certain subsections. In order to investigate the lateral extent of such high phosphorous bands in coal, the authors obtained three drill cores up to 3 km apart from the coal seam. A detailed investigation of the cores was undertaken to determine the nature and mode of occurrence of phosphorous minerals. Maceral composition allowed interpretation of environments of coal deposition. Acid-extractable phosphorous analysis of the subsections identified the high phosphorous horizons. Electron microprobe analyses identified the phosphorous mineral as crandallite. Correlation of high phosphorous intervals with corresponding environments of deposition suggests that phosphorous precipitation is promoted by an oxidizing environment with a lowered water table during the peat stage. A study of thin sections from high phosphorous samples showed that crandallite is associated with structured vitrinite and as cell fillings in fusinite. The study confirms the potential for using high phosphorous horizons for the correlation of coal seams, as noted in previous work by the authors (Rao and Walsh, 1997). A high phosphorous horizon is found at 0.45 m above the bottom of the seam in all of the drill holes, indicating a uniformity of the coal forming environment and the availability of crandallite constituent elements over the entire 3 km. The uniformity of high phosphorous concentrations through the top 2 m of the three drill holes also shows a distinct correlation.     

贵州岩溶水充水矿井涌水量预测探讨

贵州绝大多数煤矿井是以岩溶水充水为主，矿井排水量与大气降水密切，地面塌陷与淹井事故也屡见不鲜，因此矿井涌水量预测是个非常复杂的问题，作者根据在本地工作的多年工作经验，介绍了一种适用的简易的矿井涌水量与突水量计算方法。     

国库集中收付与深化地质勘查单位改革若干问题的探讨

从国库集中收付改革的内容、要求,地质勘查单位的现状出发,探讨了国库集中收付改革与深化地质勘查单位改革之间存在的问题,指出国库集中收付制度虽然能够使事业单位的财政收支得到有效监管,但因地质勘查单位具有事业与企业的双重职能,现行的国库集中收付制度不利于地勘单位的深化改革。为有效解决这一矛盾．提出了在国库单一账户体系外,建立地质勘查单位改革性基本账户的建议。     

四川岔河锡矿区富铟矿石的发现及其找矿意义

铟(In)是一种稀散元素,它极少呈独立矿物出现,而是以其他矿物,例如金属硫化物、金属氧化物等为载体。近年来,随着对铟的年需求量不断上升,铟的市场标价一路走高,今后的上涨空间仍然很大。作者通过岩石矿物学和地球化学研究,初步发现四川岔河锡多金属矿区的铟含量很高,最高可达186.5×10-6,因此,推测此地区有很大的找铟前景。通过对铟与其它成矿元素的相关分析,发现该地区的铟与Zn、Cu、Fe、Cd、Sn、Ga都有明显的正相关性,由此推测铟可能存在于它们的金属硫化物、氧化物和(或)锡的氧化物中,进一步的电子探针工作发现,铟主要赋存于闪锌矿中,闪锌矿中最高含量可达500×10-6。因此,初步推断岔河地区铟有很大的找矿前景,应该考虑在今后的地质找矿工作和采选冶过程中加以综合评价和综合利用。     

略论煤的变质问题

我国煤的变质作用根据受热的主要热源及其作用方式和煤质特征，可归纳为三种基本类型。即：深成变质作用、岩浆热变质作用和动力变质作用。此外，1988年中国地质大学潘治贵等，通过对青海热水矿区研究发现而命名为一种新变质作用类型-热水变质作用。在前人研究的基础上，笔者拟就影响变变质的主要因素谈谈看法，供讨论。     

基于探针气体吸附等温线的矿物材料表征技术:Ⅱ.多孔材料的孔隙结构

含纳米孔的天然矿物岩石材料的吸附和催化性能对于表生地球化学过程、材料加工、应用及煤炭开发利用等方面均有着重要意义。本文对比分析了各种纳米孔表征技术,重点介绍了基于吸附等温线的纳米孔研究方法。对三个典型样品等温线数据的模型计算表明,应根据材料中孔的形态(平行板状孔、球形孔和圆柱形孔)选择模型,不同类型孔所对应的计算方法和参数有很大差别。表征材料表面能量均匀的样品可首先考虑采用DFT法;HK法一般只作为定性研究方法,BJH方法受样品本身性质参数的影响较小,且计算简单,可广泛应用于介孔材料的孔径分布的表征。     

吉林省太古宙TTG岩类固结的温度压力条件

吉林省太古宙ＴＴＧ岩类型成于变质上壳岩系麻粒岩相变质作用晚期阶段。详细的岩相学研究表明，ＴＴＧ岩类中存在岩浆结晶的绿帘石，角闪石和黑云母等。绿帘石的出现标志了一定的压条件。     

福建东山岛矿产资源开发利用与生态环境保护初论

就东山岛在水、砂、石、土的开发利用中存在的问题,阐述了开发利用矿产与保护生态环境之间的辩证关系,提出东山县应做好矿产资源开发利用与“建设港口旅游城市”的规划,走资源节约型的发展海洋经济建设的新路子,促进东山县经济的可持续发展。     

树轮最大密度记录的吉尔吉斯斯坦天山山区公元1650年以来的7-8月温度变化

利用吉尔吉斯斯坦天山山区3个采样点的雪岭云杉树轮最大密度数据建立区域树轮最大密度年表（RC）。气候响应分析发现,区域树轮最大密度年表与7-8月平均温度显著相关。在此基础上,利用区域树轮最大密度年表重建了吉尔吉斯斯坦天山山区自1650年以来的7-8月温度变化,重建方程的方差解释量高达45．3％（Radj^2=44．7％,N=95,F=77．029）。重建结果显示,在过去的346a中吉尔吉斯斯坦天山山区7-8月平均温度的异常高温年份为40a,异常低温年份为46a,且存在11个低温时段（16501654,1662-1678,1693-1703,1779-1794,1801-1805,1811-1819,1834-1854,1882-1910,1917-1923,1952-1975和1986-1992年）和11个高温时段（1655-1661,1679-1692,1704-1778,1795-1800,1806-1810,1820-1833,1855-1881,1911-1916,1924-1951,1976-1985和1994-至今）。突变和周期分析揭示该地区的温度变化受到了火山、太阳活动和海陆气交互作用的共同影响。此外,在过去的346a来气候以暖干／冷湿为主,近20a来出现了明显暖湿化趋势。