长江经济带土壤质量评价及产地适宜性初步研究

开展土壤质量评价对科学划定永久基本农田及统筹优化农业生产布局具有重要指导意义。本文采用内梅罗综合污染指数法、分级法、累积频率法和综合判定法,参照《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》(试行)(GB 15618—2018)和《绿色食品产地环境质量》(NY/T 391—2013),对长江经济带土壤重金属污染、酸碱度、有益元素丰缺和绿色农产品产地适宜性进行评价。研究区土壤质量总体良好,清洁土壤面积34.84万km²,其重金属含量继承了自然背景特征; 三级及以下土壤面积6.94万km²,呈斑块及星点状分布于赣东北、赣南、湖南长沙—郴州一带、沿江及贵阳、昆明等地,其重金属为自然富集或受矿业开发、煤炭和石油的燃烧及工业“三废”排放的影响。酸性土壤面积33.56万km²,分布于江西、湖南、宁波—台州沿海和金华衢州盆地,碱性土壤面积15.69万km²,分布于苏北平原、环洞庭湖、成都平原以及沿长江一线,其土壤酸碱度与土壤类型有关。土壤有益元素丰缺与第四系沉积物成土母质有关,土壤有益元素适量及以上区域面积34.44万km²,分布于四川阿坝、成都盆地、环洞庭湖、环鄱阳湖、安徽沿江、苏北沿海和杭嘉湖平原; 土壤有益元素缺乏区面积13.89万km²,分布于赣南、江淮、鄂东北以及云南玉溪等地。绿色农产品产地最适宜区、适宜区和不适宜区面积分别为22.49万km²、18.78万km²和18.28万km²。依据区内绿色农产品产地适宜性、土壤环境质量和立地条件划分出7片永久农田保护建议区。     

汉江流域硫铁矿区厚子河支流水质评价研究

为查明厚子河不同区域河水受硫铁矿污染的程度,在厚子河支流4个典型河流断面采集水样,开展水质全分析测试,并采用单因子评价法和综合水质标识指数法进行评价分析。研究结果表明: (1)运用单因子评价法对硫铁矿区厚子河水质评价的结果无差异,均为劣Ⅴ类水; 而运用综合水质标识指数法的评价结果显示,距离硫铁矿开采区由近及远的4个断面HZ001、HZ002、HZ003、HZ004的综合水质标识指数逐渐下降,水质类别分别为劣Ⅴ类且黑臭、劣Ⅴ类但不黑臭、Ⅳ类、Ⅲ类,符合现场调查的实际情况,能够反映距离污染源越远时河水水质趋好的总体态势; (2)综合水质标识指数法不仅可以客观反映同一河流各个断面所处的综合水质类别、同一水质类别中受污染的不同程度以及与水环境功能区类别的比较结果,而且能够实现对劣V类水质污染程度的精细划分,相较于单因子评价法更加客观、科学、全面,适用于矿山开采等重污染区域河流断面水质污染情况的研判。     

基于地层结构组合的第四纪地质单元划分研究——以皖江经济带沿江丘陵平原区为例

为支撑地质条件复杂地区的水文地质、工程地质和环境地质调查研究,在皖江经济带沿江丘陵平原区通过系统分析第四纪地层的岩性、结构、构造等组合,以地貌以及第四系成因、沉积相和沉积物物源为指标,结合已有区域第四纪研究成果以及年代地层和岩石地层划分标准,进行皖江沿江丘陵平原区“第四纪地质单元”划分,共划分出冲积-湖积平原地质单元、洪积-坡积岗地地质单元和残积-剥蚀丘陵地质单元3个一级地质单元,总结了7种类型第四纪地层结构组合及其特征,为区域水文地质和工程地质调查与研究奠定了基础。     

The development of the pinnacles (Lena pillars) along Middle Lena (Sakha Republic,Siberia, Russia)

The study deals with the Lena Pillars (Sakha Republic, Russia, Siberia). The Lena Pillars are pinnacle features which are characteristic on karsts. The importance of these features is that they are extremely large and occur on very large areas. Their occurrence is interesting because they do not appear on tundra karst. We investigated the veneers of cliffs, the fracture density of the building rock, the distribution and dispersion of the fracture directions, direction distribution and dispersion of the giant grikes between the pillars, the layer thickness of the building rock, the size and dispersion of debris. We distinguished pillar types, and then we classified the features on the area of the pillars from a morphogenetical point of view. According to investigations and morphological analyses, the pillars developed from palaeokarsts. During the former karstification grikes and caverns developed close to the surface. These features coalesced into each other. The giant grikes of great size became filled and the pillars were covered. After the cut of the Lena River these features were revealed and became exhumed. Now the pillars are destroyed and continue developing by frost weathering.     

Geochemistry,and zircon U–Pb and molybdenite Re–Os geochronology of Jilongshan Cu–Au deposit,southeastern Hubei Province,China

The Jilongshan skarn Cu–Au deposit is located at the Jiurui ore cluster region in the southwestern part of the Middle–Lower Yangtze River valley metallogenic belt. The region is characterized by NW‐, NNW‐ and EW‐trending faults and the mineralization occurs at the contact of lower Triassic carbonate rocks and Jurassic granodiorite porphyry intrusions. The intrusives are characterized by SiO₂, K₂O, and Na₂O concentrations ranging from 61.66 to 67.8 wt.%, 3.29 to 5.65 wt.%, and 2.83 to 3.9 wt.%, respectively. Their A/CNK (A/CNK = n(Al₂O₃)/[n(CaO) + n(Na₂O) + n(K₂O)]) ratio, δEu, and δCe vary from 0.77 to 1.17, 0.86 to 1, and 0.88 to 0.96, respectively. The rocks show enrichment in light rare earth elements ((La/Yb)_N = 7.61–12.94) and large ion lithophile elements (LILE), and depletion in high field strength elements (HFSE), such as Zr, Ti. They also display a peraluminous, high‐K calc‐alkaline signature typical of intrusives associated with skarn and porphyry Cu–Au–Mo polymetallic deposits. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) zircon U–Pb age indicates that the granodiorite porphyry formed at 151.75 ± 0.70 Ma. A few inherited zircons with older ages (677 ± 10 Ma, 848 ± 11 Ma, 2645 ± 38 Ma, and 3411 ± 36 Ma) suggest the existence of an Archaean basement beneath the Middle–Lower Yangtze River region. The temperature of crystallization of the porphyry estimated from zircon thermometer ranges from 744.3 °C to 751.5 °C, and 634.04 °C to 823.8 °C. Molybdenite Re–Os dating shows that the Jilongshan deposit formed at 150.79 ± 0.82 Ma. The metallogeny and magmatism are correlated to mantle–crust interaction, associated with the subduction of the Pacific Plate from the east. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Geochronology and paleoenvironment of pluvial Harper Lake,Mojave Desert,California, USA

Accurate reconstruction of the paleo-Mojave River and pluvial lake (Harper, Manix, Cronese, and Mojave) system of southern California is critical to understanding paleoclimate and the North American polar jet stream position over the last 500 ka. Previous studies inferred a polar jet stream south of 35°N at 18 ka and at ~ 40°N at 17–14 ka. Highstand sediments of Harper Lake, the upstream-most pluvial lake along the Mojave River, have yielded uncalibrated radiocarbon ages ranging from 24,000 to > 30,000 ¹⁴C yr BP. Based on geologic mapping, radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating, we infer a ~ 45–40 ka age for the Harper Lake highstand sediments. Combining the Harper Lake highstand with other Great Basin pluvial lake/spring and marine climate records, we infer that the North American polar jet stream was south of 35°N about 45–40 ka, but shifted to 40°N by ~ 35 ka. Ostracodes (Limnocythere ceriotuberosa) from Harper Lake highstand sediments are consistent with an alkaline lake environment that received seasonal inflow from the Mojave River, thus confirming the lake was fed by the Mojave River. The ~ 45–40 ka highstand at Harper Lake coincides with a shallowing interval at downstream Lake Manix.     

藏北商旭造山型金矿床的发现及意义

西藏双湖县商旭金矿床位于班公湖-怒江缝合带中段。矿体赋存于中-下侏罗统木嘎岗日群浅变质复理石中,受北西西向断裂构造控制,呈透镜体状、脉状,或者似层状产出;矿石矿物以自然金为主,矿石类型为石英脉型和蚀变岩型,围岩蚀变特征明显。该矿床主要受地层及构造因素控制,矿区的构造、围岩蚀变、矿物、地球化学异常等可作为找矿标志。野外地质调查和矿床对比研究显示,商旭金矿床在矿物共生组合、蚀变类型、构造类型等方面,与典型的造山型金矿床相似,其成因类型属于造山型金矿床。商旭金矿床的发现为班公湖-怒江成矿带金等贵金属矿产的地质找矿工作开辟了新的方向。     

Remote sensing-based analysis of the planform changes in the Upper Amazon River over the period 1986–2006

An analysis of the planform changes of the Colombian reach of the Amazon River was carried out over a period of 19.9 years. Remote sensing image processing techniques were applied to Landsat images acquired in 1986, 1994, 2001 and, 2006. These images were selected based on minimal daily water level variations, while providing the widest temporal span. Plan view river changes and geomorphologic characteristics were examined to identify which channel pattern classification best represents this large tropical river system. Discharge was also analyzed to determine whether changes in the river's plan view are a direct response to variations in discharge. The system had a depositional tendency between 1986 and 2006, with a period where erosion was more intense than deposition between 1994 and 2001. Percent change in the plan view area of the system (1.4% yr⁻¹) and the maximum migration rates (125 m yr⁻¹) suggest that this reach of the Amazon is less active than reaches upstream and the downstream reach between the confluences of the Jutaí and Japurá Rivers. Variations in discharge appear to be responsible for deposition and erosion dynamics observed after this remote sensing analysis in the Colombian reach of the Amazon River. Characteristics including multiple channels with vegetated islands developed from within-channel deposition, meandering planform, lateral activity of channel margins, and the absence of islands with saucer-like morphology suggest a multichannel, meandering pattern for this reach of the Amazon, that corresponds to a laterally active anabranching river.     

优化的NSGA-Ⅱ方法在马莲河流域水资源综合管理中的应用研究

根据马莲河流域水资源总量极端贫乏、年际年内分配不均、常规水资源量低、水污染问题较严重等特点,利用系统分析理论和优化技术建立了流域的大系统、多目标水资源优化配置模型,并利用优化的NSGA-Ⅱ方法进行求解,得到流域2020年期望水资源配置下的最佳分配方案为:流域总供水量57 086×104m3,工业供水量21 690×104m3(总产值约为144.6亿元),能源基地供水量4 329×104m3(总产值约为346.32万元),农业供水量20 840×104m3,生活供水量9 452×104m3,生态供水量811×104m3。对比期望方案供水量增加了6 710×104m3,综合缺水率减少了11.41%。并根据预测的流域的分配方案和预测的流域需水量,进行了流域的水资源平衡分析,通过平衡分析的结果进行流域的综合管理研究。2020年在最优水资源分配方案下,工业缺水率3.21%、减少了4.51%;能源基地缺水率0.00%;农业缺水率4.64%、缺水率增加26.17%;生活缺水率0.00%;生态缺水率1.00%、缺水率增加了1.00%。配置方案实现了流域内水资源的最佳分配,使宝贵、有限的水资源产生最大的社会、经济及环境效益,为流域经济、能源产业的快速发展提供水资源保障。     

未确知测度BP神经网络模型在黑河流域水质预测中的应用

水质预测是水环境规划、评价和管理的重要依据,对促进水资源可持续利用及生态发展具有重要意义。针对水质预测中各项因子的不确定性,基于未确知测度理论(unascertained measure,UM),采用改变网络初值的方法,对BP神经网络加以改进,并利用黑河流域莺落峡水文站1998~2011年的水质监测资料进行分析和预测。以挥发酚为参考序列,用灰色关联方法分析参考序列与其他因子的关联度,并最终确定BP网络的输入节点为CODmn、DO、SO42-、Cr6+以及挥发酚,输出节点为挥发酚,从而建立UMBP模型。分析结果表明,UM-BP预测模型比标准的BP神经网络模型具有更高的预测精度。因此,该模型应用于黑河流域水质预测是可行的。