内蒙古巴彦浩特盆地及其南缘上石炭统太原组烃源岩有机地球化学

内蒙古巴彦浩特盆地广泛发育上石炭统太原组煤系烃源岩.在野外地质勘查、典型剖面实测、样品采集及实验分析基础上,开展了有机质丰度、有机质类型、有机质成熟度等有机地球化学特征分析与研究,初步对其生烃潜力进行评价.结果表明：太原组烃源岩有机质丰度高,热演化程度属于成熟—高成熟演化阶段,具备较好的页岩气气源条件.通过多因素叠加分析的方法,圈定了页岩气成藏有利区3处,分别是北部的查干布拉格有利区、通古勒格淖尔嘎查－伊克尔嘎查苏木有利区和南部的下河沿－营盘水有利区.     

铜在牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)组织蓄积、分配及排放的研究

采用暴露实验方法 ,研究了海水中Cu在牙鲆 (Paralichthysolivaceus)内脏、肌肉、鳃组织内吸收、积累和排放规律 ,海水中总有机碳 (TOC)浓度、配体种类对铜吸收的影响及其与海水表观络合容量 (ACuCC)的关系。结果表明 ,Cu浓度为 0 .5mg/L时 ,各组织内Cu蓄积量随暴露时间增加而增大 ,第 1 3天均达吸收平衡 ,此时Cu蓄积量 (mg/kg)为内脏 971 .89>肌肉 2 0 4 .99>鳃 90 .0 4。染毒 1 3天牙鲆在清洁海水中排放结果表明 :随排放时间增加各组织Cu蓄积量下降 ,第 8天接近排放平衡。此时各组织Cu排出率为 :肌肉 89% >鳃 86.5 % >内脏团 83.7%。海水中TOC浓度、种类对牙鲆Cu蓄积有明显影响 ,当TOC浓度相同时 ,孔石莼分泌物比牙鲆分泌物更能降低Cu在牙鲆组织内吸收和蓄积量 ;当TOC种类相同时 ,随TOC浓度升高 ,各组织铜蓄积量均明显下降 ,表明海水TOC能降低牙鲆组织对Cu的吸收和积累。ACuCC随TOC浓度增加有明显上升趋势 ,并与TOC浓度呈线性相关。     

泸定昔格达组时代认定与古环境*

文章对泸定海子坪昔格达组重新进行了详细的古地磁测试,结果显示昔格达组发育时代为4.2~2.6MaB.P.,地质时代属上新世中、晚期,与前人的研究结果一致。泸定海子坪剖面是目前所知的记录昔格达古湖沉积起始年代最早的剖面。泸定海子坪剖面记录了5个大的从粗→细的沉积旋回,15个沉积阶段。沉积物中值粒径的值直接指示了各旋回的沉积阶段,值小,水动力较强,为动荡的沉积环境;值大,水动力较弱,为稳定的沉积环境。另外,沉积记录显示在约2.8MaB.P.青藏高原的强烈隆升就已开始,昔格达古湖为过水湖;至2.6MaB.P.,昔格达古湖完全消失,与黄土高原风尘沉积环境由红粘土堆积转变为黄土堆积的显著的改变相一致。海子坪剖面TOC高值段,沉积物的值也较大,沉积物为粘土、粉砂质粘土沉积;TOC低值段,沉积物的值也较小,沉积物为中、粗砂沉积,表明昔格达古湖沉积物有机质含量主要受岩性控制。     

TOC changes in the process of thermal evolution of source rock and its controls

Through geological observation, simulation in laboratory and numerical modeling, the factors that control the changes in total organic content (TOC) of source rock have been studied. When the formula DTOC=(TOC0-TOC)/TOC0 (original organic carbon content in the rock) is used to measure the TOC (total organic carbon content) changes in the source rock through geological time, the degrees and directions of such changes are determined by losses and relative amounts both of organic and inorganic matter in the source rock. The DTOC equation, which is used to calculate the loss rate in the process of maturation for the source rock, is therefore obtained by analyzing the mass balance relations. For a certain type of source rock with a certain maturation history, the changes of its TOC respond only to the rates of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion. In actual cases of geological entities, DTOC generally ranges from -0.05 to 0.2, while the calculated reconversion coefficient (k) for organic carbon content remains between 0.90 and 1.25. Only in an ideal situation where there are extremely high rates of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion can the DTOC value experience significant changes, with k reaching up to 2.5. It is concluded, therefore, that the criterion for carbonates source rock assessment, based on reconverting the TOC to the value of its original state, may have overestimated the course of the "carbon-reduction", which is likely in many cases to make a poor source rock sound better.     

Study on the threshold value of organic enrichment of carbonate as gas source rocks

In this paper, calculations have been performed about gas quantity of generation, adsorption, dissolving in oil, dissolving in water, diffusion of unit area carbonate rocks at different geologic conditions in the Tarim basin. According to the material balance principle, the corresponding organic carbon content when gas started expelling from source rocks with separate phases has been worked out. We regard it as the theoretical threshold value (TOCmin) of gas source rocks under the same geologic condition. Based on the simulating calculation, a fact has been discovered that TOCmin decreases with the increasing source rocks thickness, decreases at the beginning and then increases with the increasing maturity and decreases with the better type of organic matter. TOCmin evaluation table of carbonate gas source rocks in the Tarim basin has been established. Investigations indicate that the TOCmin of carbonate gas source rocks varies greatly with the differences of geologic conditions, and gas source rocks cannot be evaluated with a unified TOC threshold value. And we also establish a preliminary evaluation table of TOC industrial threshold value, TOCgy, of carbonate gas source rocks in the Tarim basin.     

Organic carbon fluxes of a glacier surface: A case study of Foxfonna,a small Arctic glacier

Arctic glaciers are rapidly responding to global warming by releasing organic carbon (OC) to downstream ecosystems. The glacier surface is arguably the most biologically active and biodiverse glacial habitat and therefore the site of important OC transformation and storage, although rates and magnitudes are poorly constrained. In this paper, we present measurements of OC fluxes associated with atmospheric deposition, ice melt, biological growth, fluvial transport and storage (in superimposed ice and cryoconite debris) for a supraglacial catchment on Foxfonna glacier, Svalbard (Norway), across two consecutive years. We found that in general atmospheric OC input (averaging 0.63 ± 0.25 Mg a^-1 total organic carbon, i.e. TOC, and 0.40 ± 0.22 Mg a^-1 dissolved organic carbon, i.e. DOC) exceeded fluvial OC export (0.46 ± 0.04 Mg a^-1 TOC and 0.36 ± 0.03 Mg a^-1 DOC). Early in the summer, OC was mobilised in snowmelt but its release was delayed by temporary storage in superimposed ice on the glacier surface. This delayed the export of 28.5% of the TOC in runoff. Biological production in cryoconite deposits was a negligible potential source of OC to runoff, while englacial ice melt was far more important on account of the glacier's negative ice mass balance (–0.89 and –0.42 m a^-1 in 2011 and 2012, respectively). However, construction of a detailed OC budget using these fluxes shows an excess of inputs over outputs, resulting in a net retention of OC on the glacier surface at a rate that would require c. 3 years to account for the OC stored as cryoconite debris. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

可可西里库赛湖揭示的青藏高原北部近4000年来的干湿变化

通过青藏高原北部可可西里库赛湖KS-2006孔(深637cm)沉积岩芯总有机碳、总氮含量及沉积物粒度变化的研究,恢复了该地区近4000年来的干湿变化历史.结果表明,该地区近4000年来经历了显著的干湿变化,干旱时段出现在3900-3590cal aBP、3320-2630cal aBP、1720-1420cal aBP及1100-840cal aBP期间:湿润时段出现在3590-3320cal aBP、2630-1720cal aBP、1420-1100cal aBP以及840cal aBP之后小冰期有效降水升高的相对湿润时期.区域对比分析表明库赛湖地区近4000年来的干湿变化受亚洲季风影响;同时,该地区存在明显的中世纪暖期及小冰期的三次降温事件记录.     

Natural background and anthropogenic inputs of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in sediments of South-Western Barents Sea

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were measured in sediment cores from 13 locations in South-Western Barents Sea as part of a detailed study of the Norwegian seabed under the MAREANO program. The generally low PAH levels found, an average around 200 ng g⁻¹ dry weight for sum PAH, indicate low inputs of petroleum hydrocarbons to the marine environment in the area. Differences in PAH composition and various PAH ratios indicate a natural, mostly petrogenic origin of PAH in sediments from the open sea locations, while the fjord locations show higher pyrogenic PAH contents with an increase towards upper sediment layers, indicating low inputs from human activities. Petrogenic PAH levels increase in deeper sediments at open sea locations, also when normalised to total organic carbon (TOC) contents, suggesting natural leakages of oil-related hydrocarbons in the area.     

大亚湾海水中总有机碳的时空分布及其影响因素

于2006—2007年夏季、冬季、春季和秋季对大亚湾总有机碳(TOC)进行采样调查,分析了TOC的季节变化特征和空间分布特征,并讨论了TOC与盐度、叶绿素a及石油类等环境因子之间的关系。2006—2007年TOC的浓度范围在1.30~6.30 mg/dm3,平均值为2.78 mg/dm3,TOC的浓度从大到小的趋势是春季、夏季、秋季、冬季。TOC垂直分布趋势不明显,春季和秋季垂直分布比较均匀,且中层TOC浓度比较高;而夏季、冬季垂直分布不够均匀。春季TOC平面分布比较均匀,在大辣甲的西北部有高值,而夏季、秋季、冬季的TOC在大辣甲的西北部都呈现低值;夏季的TOC分布呈现西高东低,自小湾内向小湾外递减的特征;秋季的TOC分布呈现出东西高,中部低,近岸大于离岸的特征;冬季的TOC分布呈现西高东低,西部海域分布线比较密集的特征。研究表明,大亚湾TOC与叶绿素a、石油类显著正相关,与盐度负相关,但不显著。大亚湾TOC浓度、时空分布与季节性径流、季风、水动力、生物地球化学、生物等环境因子密切相关,特别是受到季节性河流径流输入、浮游植物、石油类的影响较大。     

Origins and maturity of organic matter in mid-Cretaceous black shales from ODP Site 1138 on the Kerguelen Plateau

We have conducted elemental, isotopic, and Rock-Eval analyses of Cenomanian–Santonian sediment samples from ODP Site 1138 in the southern Indian Ocean to assess the origin and thermal maturity of organic matter in mid-Cretaceous black shales found at this high-latitude location. Total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations range between 1 and 20 wt% in black to medium-gray sediments deposited around the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary. Results of Rock-Eval pyrolysis indicate that the organic matter is algal Type II material that has experienced modest alteration. Important contributions of nitrogen-fixing bacteria to the amplified production of organic matter implied by the high TOC concentrations is recorded in δ¹⁵N values between −5 and 1‰, and the existence of a near-surface intensified oxygen minimum zone that favored organic carbon preservation is implied by TOC/TN ratios between 20 and 40. In contrast to the marine nature of the organic matter in the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary section, deeper sediments at Site 1138 contain evidence of contributions land-derived organic matter that implies the former presence of forests on the Kerguelen Plateau until the earliest Cenomanian.