遥感技术在新一轮国土资源大调查中的进展与作用

随着现代科学技术的飞速发展,遥感技术的应用领域越来越广泛,特别是在国土资源的本底调查、环境评价和科学规划等研究应用中,已成为空间多源信息获取的有力手段,为在国民经济发展中合理开发利用自然资源提供了科学的数据源和信息服务。作者在本文中就近年来遥感技术在遥感数据获取、遥感图像信息提取与分析等方面的进展作了简要阐述,并针对新一轮国土资源大调查的性质和任务,探讨了遥感、地理信息系统在新一轮国土资源大调查中的作用。     

A UT1-Like Quantity from Analysis of GPS Orbit Planes

This paper discusses a UT1-like quantity, UTGPS, determined daily from Earth-referenced GPS satellite orbits from the International GPS Service (IGS). For each satellite considered, the observed relation between the satellite's IGS orbit and a model of its orbit plane in inertial space is used to estimate UT1. This modeled orbit plane is initialized using the satellite's IGS orbit and the actual UT1 at an initial time. It is then propagated using standard models of gravitational forces and an empirical model representing the orbit-normal radiation pressure observed during several years of in-flight experience with the satellite. To estimate UT1, an a-priori transformation from terrestrial to true-of-date celestial coordinates is applied to the satellite's IGS orbit. The geocentric angular deviations of points of the resulting transformed orbit from the modeled orbit plane are analyzed, giving the angle between the ascending nodes of the satellite's transformed and modeled orbit planes. To this observed angle between nodes, converted to a UT1 difference, is added the a-priori UT1 value used in the transformation. From the result is subtracted a model of the angle, again converted to a UT1 difference, between the ascending nodes of the actual and modeled orbit planes. The final result is the estimate of UT1 from this satellite, and the median of the UT1 estimates from all satellites considered is UTGPS. The root-mean-square difference between UTGPS-UT1 at the beginning and at the end of an interval of one to four weeks is approximately 30 s times the square root of the interval's duration in weeks.This revised version was published online in October 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A GIS-based mapping method on distribution of critical Ecological Situation in China

Introduction Human-induced environmental change in China has led to different consequences due to various causes. They conver certain regions and places where their impacts may threaten the long-term or even the short-term sustainability of human-environmental relationships. Designating such areas as "critical environmental situations," Russian Geographers have developed "red data maps" showing their locations[1]. Yet, there are no fully developed conceptualizations of environmental critical…     

Footings under seismic loading: Analysis and design issues with emphasis on bridge foundations

The paper provides state-of-the-art information on the following aspects of seismic analysis and design of spread footings supporting bridge piers: (1) obtaining the dynamic stiffness (“springs” and “dashpots”) of the foundation; (2) computing the kinematic response; (3) determining the conditions under which foundation–soil compliance must be incorporated in dynamic structural analysis; (4) assessing the importance of properly modeling the effect of embedment; (5) elucidating the conditions under which the effect of radiation damping is significant; (6) comparing the relative importance between kinematic and inertial response. The paper compiles an extensive set of graphs and tables for stiffness and damping in all modes of vibration (swaying, rocking, torsion), for a variety of soil conditions and foundation geometries. Simplified expressions for computing kinematic response (both in translation and rotation) are provided. Special issues such as presence of rock at shallow depths, the contribution of foundation sidewalls, soil inhomogeneity and inelasticity, are also discussed. The paper concludes with parametric studies on the seismic response of bridge bents on embedded footings in layered soil. Results are presented (in frequency and time domains) for accelerations and displacements of bridge and footing, while potential errors from some frequently employed simplifications are illustrated.     

云南地热资源及其开发前景

云南地热异常多且显著。滇西高温水热活动区是藏滇水热带的南延，滇东断陷盆地中低温水热活动区的形成得益于独特的地质结构，滇西、滇南花岗岩地热系统则主要吸收地层中K^40同位索放射热而成。开发前景极为广阔。     

LBS在智能交通系统中的应用及构架研究

基于位置的信息服务(LBS)在正确的时间和地点,向正确的人群提供正确的位置信息,因而在智能交通系统中有着广泛的应用,其应用领域涉及车辆的导航、跟踪、监控、调度与安全,事件响应,信息获取与定制,进入区域提示,按位置收费等.从系统集成的角度,以LBS为核心来构建智能交通系统是一个先进而且经济的选择,该解决方案是一种以分布式、可互操作、使用标准的Internet和无线通讯网络协议为基础建立起来的架构,由客户层、中间件层、应用服务层和数据访问层组成.客户层是融无线通信、计算机、无线定位于一体的个人信息终端;中间件层提供一组与第三方无线定位系统集成的APIs,它支持与多种定位技术的连接;应用服务层由ITS的子系统和空间服务器组成,提供地图生成、邻近查找、地理编码、路径规划、身份认证、收费等服务;数据访问层为ITS存储和管理各种空间信息、交通信息和车辆信息.     

关于新、旧北京1954坐标系统的转换与应用

国土部门在北京1954坐标系下,已完成大多数城镇的初始调查工作,并发放了相应的土地证等图件资料。而现在又需要在C级GPS网布设基础控制测量工作,这就产生了它们的坐标转换工作。这里举某市两种坐标转换和比较的实例,以供参考。     

GPS滑坡监测系统在铁路桥桥墩稳定性监测中的应用

结合对铁路桥桥墩的实际监测应用，介绍了GPS滑坡监测系统的工作原理和性能特点，阐述了现场安装过程中的许多重点问题及其对监测效果的影响，并结合实际测量数据论证了该系统应用于滑坡监测的可行性和优势所在。     

设计模式和重构在土地信息系统中的应用

设计模式和重构对于解决土地信息系统需求变化问题,具有重要意义,可以实现可复用性。本文并结合土地信息系统的开发实例,详细论述如何运用重构准则实现抽象工厂、装饰等模式。旨在促进土地信息系统开发中注重设计模式和重构准则的应用,实现软件设计的复用,提高土地信息系统的质量和开发效率。     

移动式测绘系统（MMS）的发展与应用

移动式测绘系统（MMS）已在交通管理、城市规划、地图更新、工程勘测、精准农业、战场测绘等领域广泛应用。本文在简要叙述MMS基本概念和主要功能的基础上，探讨了MMS的发展现状和应用方向，进而提出了当前发展MMS需要解决的关键技术，仅供参考。