Pitfalls in predictions of rock properties using multivariate analysis and regression methods

Statistical methods are commonly used for prediction of geoscience and engineering properties. This commonly involves selection of a small number of variables among a large number of available geological, geophysical, petrophysical and engineering variables. The conventional view is to select the variables that have highest correlations with the variable of concern. In this article, we show that this may not always be a wise approach because it ignores a critical aspect of the variable interaction — suppression. We review the suppression phenomenon, and discuss three types of suppression in multiple linear regression of geoscience and reservoir properties. We present examples using wireline logs, seismic attributes, and other engineering parameters. We show that understanding the suppression phenomenon is important for selecting appropriate variables for optimal prediction of geoscience and reservoir properties.     

低纬度磁异常化极方法——压制因子法

磁异常化极转换是磁异常解释的重要基础，针对频率域磁异常化极现状，本文对低纬度化极的困难原因进行了深入分析，并提出了针对性的化极措施——压制因子法. 与已有研究比较，该方法具有简单直观、控制参数少因而便于实际操作的特点，模型计算表明了方法的有效性. 在我国南海低磁纬度地区实测磁异常的计算解释中，应用该化极方法，取得了良好的效果.     

Identification of transcriptional effects of ethynyl oestradiol in male plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) by suppression subtractive hybridisation and a nylon macroarray

Suppression subtractive hybridisation (SSH) was used to generate cDNA libraries representing genes differentially expressed in response to ethynyl oestradiol (EE2) exposure in liver from male plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) previously analysed for vitellogenin (VTG) induction. Characterisation of the cDNA clones identified many as VTG (2 genes) and zona radiata proteins (ZRP) (3 genes), but 40 encoded other proteins, with more than half cryptic. Further analysis identified 85 non-redundant clones suitable for array on nylon membrane. Radiolabelled cDNAs were prepared from hepatic mRNA from EE2 treated plaice (0 and 21 days) and hybridised with the arrayed clones. Analysis of the data showed that 11/17 novel, 21/22 VTG, 13/14 ZRP, 2/2 liver aspartic proteinase (LAP) and 8/10 other mRNAs were up-regulated by EE2 exposure.     

Experiments with flexible shrouds to reduce the vortex-induced vibration of a cylinder with low mass and damping

Experiments employing a low-mass-damping cylinder have been conducted to determine the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) response of four suppressors of the flexible-shroud family. The VIV suppressors were inspired in the concept of the Ventilated Trousers (VT), a flexible shroud composed of a flexible net fitted with three-dimensional bobbins. Reynolds number varied between 5 × 10³ and 25 × 10³, while reduced velocity varied from 2 to 26. The VIV dynamic response showed that the VT suppressed the peak amplitude of vibration down to 40% of that of a bare cylinder. Other flexible shrouds also achieved suppression, but not as efficiently. Drag was reduced during the VIV synchronization range, but remained above the value for a bare static cylinder thereafter. Spectral analysis of displacement and lift revealed that, depending on the geometry and distribution of the bobbins, the flexible shroud can develop an unstable behavior, capturing energy from the wake and sustaining vibrations for higher reduced velocities. PIV measurements of the wake revealed that the entrainment flow through the mesh is necessary to extend the vortex-formation length of the wake; this mechanism only occurs for the VT mesh.     

Cross-flow vortex-induced vibration reduction of a long flexible cylinder using 3 and 4 control rods with different configurations

Control rod is one of the common passive control methods to suppress the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of cylindrical structures. In this paper, the experimental study is conducted to detailed understand the performance of multiple control rods in suppressing the cross-flow (CF) VIV for a long flexible cylinder. The influence of the spatial arrangement of 3 and 4 control rods on CF VIV response of the main cylinder is investigated in a towing tank. It is observed that the attack angle θ is a very significant parameter to affect the vibration response, dominant frequency and the VIV suppression efficiency of the main cylinder. Based on the suppression efficiencies analysis of VIV response in the present experimental investigation, the spatial arrangement of 3 control rods with θ = 40° and 4 control rods with θ = 30° is the best choice for suppressing the CF VIV response of the main flexible cylinder. Overall, the use of 4 control rods could reduce VIV more effectively than the application of 3 control rods.     

SAR图像ROEWA边缘检测器的改进

针对指数加权均值比(ROEWA)边缘检测算子无法准确确定边缘位置和边缘方向的问题,对其表达式进行了改进。重新定义了反转的、带符号的、归一化最小指数加权均值比(IROEWA),作为边缘强度指标,来量化描述边缘的跃变程度,并在此基础上准确计算出边缘的方位。同时将改进的非极大值抑制算法应用到边缘检测流程中,对IROEWA得到的边缘强度图进行后处理。针对自然SAR图像和仿真SAR图像的实验都表明,改进算法能够得到比ROEWA加分水岭分割的原始算法更好的边缘检测结果。利用接收者操作特征(ROC)曲线,对改进算法进行量化评价,其曲线下面积(AUC)可达0.97570,非常接近理想的检测器;在其ROC曲线的最优点处,检测率可达0.95232,而虚警率仅为0.00214左右。     

镉诱导隆线溞(Daphnia carinata)生殖转化基因差减cDNA文库的构建与分析

采用抑制性差减杂交方法进行了镉诱导下隆线溞生殖转化基因的抑制性差减cDNA文库的构建研究。结果显示,其差异表达基因被富集了210倍左右,PCR鉴定发现95%的克隆均含有200—800bp的插入片段;测序获得的252个有效EST中,与细胞分裂相关的有4个,与细胞结构和功能相关的有52个,与细胞代谢相关的有34个,与信号传导相关的有16个,与细胞防御相关的有10个,与基因和蛋白质表达相关的有76个,未知功能的EST有22个,在GenBank中找不到任何同源序列的EST有38个。结果表明,构建的差异表达cDNA文库具有很强的差减效率,可较好地反映镉诱导下隆线溞差异表达的生殖转化基因信息。     

刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)高温胁迫消减cDNA文库的构建与分析

采用抑制性消减杂交技术(SSH)研究刺参高温胁迫下差异表达的基因.分别以高温实验组为检测组(tester)、常温对照组为驱动组(driver),进行正向抑制性消减杂交;以常温组为tester、高温组为driver,进行反向消减杂交,成功构建了刺参正反双向差异消减文库.从两个文库随机挑选384个白斑克隆进行斑点杂交进一步...     

EM 对稻田甲烷排放抑制作用的初步研究

该文主要讨论采用有效微生物菌剂（Effective Microorganisms）抑制稻田甲烷气体排放的试验结果。试验表明:第一年中抑制作用明显,平均在59%以上,并且使负通量（即稻田成为吸收大气中CH4的汇）的出现频率增加。这可能是EM中含有的光合细菌作用所致。试验还表明使用EM时可以取代化肥使产量增加。     

准噶尔盆地腹部超压地层烃源岩热演化史研究

以往的研究认为准噶尔盆地腹部二叠系烃源岩成熟生烃时期较早,与油气晚期成藏的认识不一致。因此,本文通过盆地热历史恢复和超压对烃源岩抑制作用的详细分析,重新厘定了准噶尔盆地腹部主要烃源岩的成熟度演化史。结果表明,因二叠纪盆地构造热体制的转变,准噶尔盆地中二叠世-早侏罗世经历了快速降温的过程,超压全面抑制了准噶尔盆地腹部主要烃源岩的热演化过程,且抑制程度随压力系数增大而增大,当压力系数达到最大值后抑制程度也达到极限（Ro偏低0.6%左右）,利用与压力系数相关联的超压因子调节 Easy% Ro模型中的化学反应频率因子能够有效地反映Ro值受抑制的特征,采用改进模型模拟的烃源岩成熟度演化史表明,盆1井西凹陷和沙湾凹陷中-上二叠统烃源岩主要生油期为白垩纪,侏罗系八道湾组烃源岩目前仍处于生油高峰期,明显滞后于传统生烃模式的预测结果,为深源油气晚期快速成藏提供了有利的烃源条件。