福田红树林保护区科普教育模式探讨

福田红树林保护区位于深圳湾东北岸,其独特的红树林湿地景观吸引了大量市民及游客前来参观。科普宣传教育是保护区的重要职能之一,保护区管理局应强化服务意识,充分发挥保护区的科普教育资源优势,以满足市民群众的科普知识需求。本文总结了保护区近年来开展科普教育活动的经验教训,分析了当前科普教育模式优点和不足,对今后科普教育模式提出了建议。     

近30年羌塘自然保护区气候特征分析

本文利用羌塘自然保护区周边6个气象站1978~2007年30年数据,利用气候统计方法,分析了温度、积温、降水的趋势变化。结果表明:该地区年平均温度、年平均最高温度、年平均最低温度都呈上升趋势,且上升幅度远远大于全球、全国平均水平;≥0℃积温、≥5℃积温呈增加趋势,初日提前,终日推迟,持续日数增加;降水的区域特征明显,自东向西呈递减趋势。年降水量呈上升趋势。     

模拟天然气水合物的岩石物理特性模型实验

针对水合物沉积的悬浮、颗粒接触和胶结三种微观模式,制作一组微弱胶结非固结高孔隙度人造样品和颗粒填充渐变的三维物理模型. 通过物理模型实验研究天然气水合物物性参数的敏感性. 实验结果表明：在弱颗粒间胶结物和低有效应力的固结差的沉积物中,声波对孔隙流体性质较敏感. 随着温度的降低颗粒胶结,改变原有沉积物的岩石物理特性,速度、弹性模量和频率升高,声波衰减和Vp/VS减小,沉积层内的反射波消隐.     

利用废弃石膏矿储存原油可行性分析

随着我国能源消费的急剧增加,原油储备的建设已经刻不容缓,目前国内外常用的原油储存方式为地面油罐储存,其技术成熟、建设周期较短、全世界已经建设有大量的地面原油罐,而另外一种储备型式地下存储原油,则是近年来国内兴起的一种新兴石油储备方式。国内目前一般都选则花岗岩体作为建库岩体,采用此方法建设地下洞库对岩石条件限定较严格,目前国内在建的几座地下洞库都分布于东部沿海花岗岩地区。本文主要研究利用废弃石膏矿存储原油的可行性,通过对国内某石膏矿区的工程地质特性、水文地质特性、围岩稳定性分析、室内原油浸泡试验、原油储备综合分析等综合手段研究,初步得出了该石膏矿区具有较好的地质条件; 场区区域稳定性好无断层通过,石膏矿体平均厚度为458.42m,石膏矿岩样的单轴饱和抗压强度平均为55.45MPa、石膏矿体的岩体质量为Ⅱ级,采房及各种巷道围岩稳定,石膏矿吸水率范围在0.014% ～0.036%,吸油率范围在0.060% ～0.083%。同时石膏矿储备原油具有节约土地、投资省、运营定员少、安全性高、环保污染少、使用寿命长等特点。通过以上研究,本文得出该石膏矿区已经具备建设地下原油储备的基本地质条件。     

黑龙江省兴凯湖自然保护区生态系统固碳服务功能评价

湿地是自然界中重要的“碳汇”,其碳储量变化对全球气候变化和温室效应有重要的影响.选择地理位置独特的黑龙江兴凯湖自然保护区作为研究区,根据保护区内不同土壤类型采集表层（0~20 cm）土壤样品,利用遥感解译的保护区土地利用图、土壤储碳量和植物固碳量计算公式,核算兴凯湖自然保护区生态系统固碳服务总量,同时借鉴瑞典碳税法和中国造林成本法,估算兴凯湖保护区固碳服务功能价值为4.9亿元.结果显示,兴凯湖自然保护区湿地固碳服务功能高于全国平均水平,且高于同纬度同属东北平原的莫莫格湿地,为保护区今后的保护管理策略提供了有效的参考依据.     

Relationship of Stakeholders in Protected Areas and Tourism Ecological Compensation: A Case Study of Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve in China

The first step to defining the rights, responsibilities and interests of stakeholders and constructing a compensation mechanism is to identify the stakeholders and clarify their mutual relationships. Nature reserves are complex ecosystems involving nature, the economy and society. There exists a conflict between the public welfare benefits of ecological conservation and the private gains to be realized from social and economic development. There also exist in a nature reserve complex relationships among stakeholders, involving the utilization of ecological resources, ecological conservation and ecological-economic interests. The introduction of tourism brings substantial changes to the existing stakeholder benefit structure in a nature reserve. The implementation of tourism ecological compensation (tourism payment for ecological service) is a process for redefining the distribution of rights, responsibilities and profits among stakeholders and it is also an essential way to balance the interests of the stakeholders. This paper uses a case study of Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve in China to examine the characteristics of stakeholders and analyze their interests. According to the method for defining basic attributes proposed by Mitchel and other scholars, in cases of tourism ecological compensation, stakeholders can be classified as definitive stakeholders, expectant stakeholders and latent stakeholders. This paper applies these classifications and then analyzes the relationships between the rights and responsibilities of these stakeholders and how these change after the implementation of compensation. Additionally, based on the impact compensation has on different stakeholders, changes in the relationships can be analyzed and the structure of the stakeholders can be modelled. This case study of the Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve illustrates the operationalization of a new mechanism for tourism ecological compensation. The paper illustrates a method for coordinating the relationships among the stakeholders involved with this national-level nature reserve.     

Freeze-thaw processes of active-layer soils in the Nanweng'he River National Natural Reserve in the Da Xing'anling Mountains,northern Northeast China

The active-layer soils overlying the permafrost are the most thermodynamically active zone of rock or soil and play important roles in the earth-atmosphere energy system. The processes of thawing and freezing and their associated complex hydrothermal coupling can significantly affect variation in mean annual temperatures and the formation of ground ice in permafrost regions. Using soil-temperature and-moisture data obtained from the active layer between September 2011 and October 2014 in the permafrost region of the Nanweng'he River in the Da Xing'anling Mountains, the freeze-thaw characteristics of the permafrost were studied. Based on analysis of ground-temperature variation and hydrothermal transport characteristics, the thawing and freezing processes of the active layer were divided into three stages:(1) autumn-winter freezing,(2) winter freeze-up, and(3) spring-summer thawing. Variations in the soil temperature and moisture were analyzed during each stage of the freeze-thaw process, and the effects of the soil moisture and ground vegetation on the freeze-thaw are discussed in this paper. The study's results show that thawing in the active layer was unidirectional, while the ground freezing was bidirectional(upward from the bottom of the active layer and downward from the ground surface).During the annual freeze-thaw cycle, the migration of soil moisture had different characteristics at different stages. In general, during a freezing-thawing cycle, the soil-water molecules migrate downward, i.e., soil moisture transports from the entire active layer to the upper limit of the permafrost. In the meantime, freeze-thaw in the active layer can be significantly affected by the soil-moisture content and vegetation.     

景观格局在地理国情综合统计分析中的应用——以三江自然保护区为例

为了研究景观格局在地理国情综合统计中的应用,本文以三江自然保护区为例,综合考虑景观格局指数的生态意义并对区域景观的总体结构、斑块特征、多样性及脆弱性进行综合统计分析。研究结果表明,通过景观格局分析可以有效了解区域生态环境状态及地表覆盖格局特征,为地理国情普查综合统计分析生态协调性专题定量化计算提供参考。     

会泽黑颈鹤自然保护区管理系统的设计与实现

为了实时掌握保护区珍稀动物的分布、生长情况和数量信息,该文以会泽黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区为研究对象,基于移动GIS和WebGIS技术构建会泽自然保护区信息管理系统。该系统以高清遥感影像为数据支持,将ArcGIS Server地图缓存技术融入其中,通过移动GIS进行自然保护区巡护信息采集并上传到后台服务器,采用WebGIS技术在网络客户端实时对后台服务器数据进行下载更新,从而实现移动端和网络端的信息同步。应用效果表明这种移动化、网络化的数据采集和管理模式,使自然保护区保护黑颈鹤及其越冬地的湿地生态环境工作更加科学、合理。     

Policy Drivers of U.S. Wetland Conversion Rates, 1955–2009

While conversion of wetlands to nonagricultural purposes has persisted, the five U.S. national wetland inventory reports spanning 1955–2009 show a large decline in the rate of conversion of wetlands for agriculture, especially from the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s. Through regression and path analysis, this study identifies primary policy and economic drivers of this decline in wetland conversions. The Clean Water Act §404 is strongly and negatively related to conversion rates. Crop prices affect wetland conversions both directly, by influencing returns to investments for conversion, and indirectly, by influencing Conservation and Wetland Reserve Program enrollments as well as the regulatory impact of Swampbuster. Along with the proportion of wetlands remaining, these factors explain 90–94% of the annual variation in total wetland conversions, agricultural conversions, and conversion of forested and emergent wetlands.