Total evaporation estimation for accurate water accounting purposes: an appraisal of various available estimation methods

The estimation of total evaporation is fundamental for water accounting, considering its influence on water availability. Moreover, the current increase in water consumption (e.g. in sub-Saharan Africa and the world over), land cover/use changes, deteriorating water quality and the climate change projections in most regions of the world underscore the need to understand water loss. So far, different approaches have been developed and implemented in estimating the variations of total evaporation, with varying accuracies. The aim of this work was therefore, to provide a review of these different approaches for estimating total evaporation, as well as a detailed discussion of their strengths and weaknesses. Findings from this review have shown that total evaporation estimates derived, using ground-based meteorological and micro-meteorological methods are inadequate for representing its large-scale spatial variations. On the other hand, remote sensing technology, which acquires data at different resolutions (i.e. radiometric, spectral, spatial and temporal), provides timely, up-to-date and relatively accurate spatial estimates of total evaporation over large geographic coverage, for sustainable and effective water accounting, which is key for well-informed and improved management of water resources at both catchment and regional scales. In this regard, more details on the remote sensing-based methods of estimating total evaporation are provided, especially considering the robust technological advancements and its potential in characterizing earth features over time and space. This work has also managed to identify research gaps and challenges in the accurate estimation of total evaporation, using remote sensing, especially with the emergence of more advanced sensors and the characteristics of the landscape.     

地理信息数据加工管理辅助系统的开发

目前,地理信息数据加工产业在管理方式方法上,存在着先进的生产力与不先进的管理方式相矛盾的问题.如何有效管理"管理信息流"等诸多管理问题,是一个无法回避和必须解决的课题.本文基于开发实践,介绍系统的技术路线、系统功能、系统特点以及系统数据库的设计.随着本系统的不断推广应用,一定能为地理信息数据加工行业的生产管理开拓新的模式,提供有力的支撑.     

山西省基础地理信息数据库的技术研究

山西省基础地理信息数据库是山西省空间数据基础设施建设的重要组成部分,主要介绍数据库建设的技术方案和关键技术.     

一种网状GIS软件项目管理方法

软件项目管理是实施软件工程的核心,GIS软件是以地理空间环境为研究对象的,空间数据的多维特性以及地学方法本身的复杂性等决定了GIS软件项目管理具有自身独特的特点,实施更为复杂。通过与一般软件项目管理的对比分析,指出GIS项目管理要关注过程;简要介绍常规GIS项目管理线的设置,探讨了不足;提出了一种网状的GIS软件项目管理方法,核心是管理线设置。详细论述了管理线实施的过程、内容与重点,突出了计划、设计、实施与回溯4个环节。     

Effects of lossy compression on remote sensing image classification of forest areas

Lossy compression is being increasingly used in remote sensing; however, its effects on classification have scarcely been studied. This paper studies the implications of JPEG (JPG) and JPEG 2000 (J2K) lossy compression for image classification of forests in Mediterranean areas. Results explore the impact of the compression on the images themselves as well as on the obtained classification. The results indicate that classifications made with previously compressed radiometrically corrected images and topoclimatic variables are not negatively affected by compression, even at quite high compression ratios. Indeed, JPG compression can be applied to images at a compression ratio (CR, ratio between the size of the original file and the size of the compressed file) of 10:1 or even 20:1 (for both JPG and J2K). Nevertheless, the fragmentation of the study area must be taken into account: in less fragmented zones, high CR are possible for both JPG and J2K, but in fragmented zones, JPG is not advisable, and when J2K is used, only a medium CR is recommended (3.33:1 to 5:1). Taking into account that J2K produces fewer artefacts at higher CR, the study not only contributes with optimum CR recommendations, but also found that the J2K compression standard (ISO 15444-1) is better than the JPG (ISO 10918-1) when applied to image classification. Although J2K is computationally more expensive, this is no longer a critical issue with current computer technology.     

利用GIS技术和RS技术减灾防灾

减灾防灾是一项需要多学科知识融会贯通的长期工程。灾难的发生是由多种因素造成的,在分析管理的时候,需要大量的数据源,因而,分析过程相当地耗时耗费。近年,由于能够高效提供详细、精确的相关数据．GIS技术和RS技术在灾难管理方面应用广泛、发展迅速,遥感技术提供灾情数据．GIS技术通过模型将各种数据有机地整合起来,包括空间数据、非空间数据、属性数据,使它们在灾难管理的各个阶段发挥不同的作用。     

质量管理体系在测绘单位应用的探索

介绍质量管理体系在我院运行的概况,阐述了根据ISO 900 1∶2008的要求对原有质量管理体系文件进行修改的情况,根据多年来实际工作经验探讨了在质量管理体系运行过程中的体会及改进方向。     

SWMM模型在城市排水系统中的应用

通过分析GIS在暴雨径流管理模型建模中的作用,以武汉市东湖流域为例,研究基于G1S的暴雨径流管理模型的应用和方法。结果表明,模拟结果与检测数拟合度很高,为模型的进一步深入应用奠定了基础。     

实验室测绘教学仪器的管理

在分析了当前测绘仪器管理存在问题的基础上，从仪器在实验室的管理体制、模式方面做了有益探讨和分析，提出了测绘仪器实行动态管理和开放使用的模式。     

空间信息服务时态数据的管理与应用

本文面向当前空间信息应用的实际需求,以传统GIS为基础,研究建立实用的、易于实现的集矢量与栅格数据为一体的时空数据模型,增加GIS对时态属性的管理和操作。本文研究解决了时态拓扑构建的关键技术,采用面向对象方法开发了一套时态空间数据库管理系统,实现了时空数据的采集、存储、查询和显示,并以中国多个历史时期的行政界线为基础数据,进行了时空数据模型的应用研究,为TGIS发展探索了一条实用的技术路线。