1960年以来洞庭湖江湖连通河道松滋口枯水期分流变化特征及应对策略

河湖水文连通性强弱对于维系流域水资源安全、河湖生态系统稳定等方面具有重要意义.本文首先利用1960-2019年松滋口新江口与沙道观两站与干流枝城站实测水文资料以及河道典型横断面地形资料,采用Mann-Kendall法与趋势线法分析讨论枯水期松滋口分流变化的特征与诱因,然后,针对枯水期松滋口河道的分流问题提出河道治理方案.结果表明：松滋口枯水期的流量主要来自西支.在1960-2019年间,枯水期西支分流量呈现三峡大坝蓄水运行前后从下降趋势转变为显著上升趋势,而东支分流量在下荆江裁弯后至今基本处于断流状态,下荆江裁弯、葛洲坝运行及三峡大坝蓄水运行是其分流量变化的主要诱因.根据建立分流量与水位差（干流水位与河底高程）的回归关系,模拟出在松滋口西东支现有河道的基础上,河床高程分别下降1 m与2.5 m左右,其分流量可达到或接近1960s分流量水平,有助于缓解区域水资源与环境生态问题.     

长江中下游湖泊沉积物氮磷形态与释放风险关系

运用聚类分析、主成分分析和相关矩阵的统计分析手段,对长江中下游湖群共18个湖泊的沉积物氮磷释放风险以及湖泊沉积物、间隙水和上覆水中氮磷形态以及其他相关地球化学参数进行分析。草型和藻型湖泊的环境差异是造成氮磷释放风险的主要原因。氮磷释放风险与铁磷、藻类可利用磷、总氮、总磷、上覆水氮磷含量、间隙水氮含量、孔隙度和有机质含量间的关系最为密切。决定磷酸盐释放风险的主要形态磷是藻类可利用磷和铁磷,其他形态磷或者含量较低或者不易被转化释放,对磷酸盐释放风险影响较小。有机磷含量对磷的释放风险没有直接决定作用,但它与有机质含量间呈显著正相关。     

河西走廊花海古湖泊全新世白云石的发现及其环境意义

通过对河西走廊花海古湖泊沉积物的X衍射分析发现,全新世期间有明显的白云石沉积.岩性、沉积过程、石膏以及Fe3+含量的变化表明,花海湖全新世白云石沉积环境以还原环境为主,即还原环境利于白云石的形成,为白云石的成因研究提供了新的证据.白云石作为碳酸盐矿物,可以反映湖水盐度,但并非直接指示了湖水的咸化.随着湖水盐度的进一步增加,在硫酸盐型湖泊中,白云石含量随盐度的增加而相应减少,表明利用白云石分析湖水盐度时需要结合其他矿物进行分析.结合石膏含量的变化,花海湖全新世时期白云石含量的变化可以揭示该区域湖水盐度的变化.在10.478.87 cal ka B.P.早全新世时期,湖水的盐度较高,气候由干向湿转变;8.87 cal ka B.P.时期,有大量石膏沉积,显示了湖水盐度的进一步升高,气候干旱;随后湖水相对淡化,气候湿润;5.50 cal ka B.P.至今,沉积出现间断,气候逐渐干旱.     

Outburst susceptibility assessment of moraine‐dammed lakes in Western Himalaya using an analytic hierarchy process

Glacier retreat results in the formation and expansion, and sometimes outburst, of moraine‐dammed lakes worldwide. Sudden outburst floods from such lakes have caused enormous damage to settlements and infrastructure located downstream. Such lakes located in the Himalayan region are highly prone to outburst floods due to climatic conditions and geotectonic settings. In this study, multi‐temporal Landsat images from 2002–2014, digital elevation models (DEMs), geomorphic analysis and modelling were used to assess the changes in glacial lakes and the outburst susceptibility of moraine‐dammed lakes in the Chandra–Bhaga basin of the north‐western Indian Himalaya. An inventory of lakes was developed using satellite data, thematic maps and ground‐based investigations for the Chandra–Bhaga basin. The total area of all glacial lakes (size >5000 m²) increased by 47% from 2002 to 2014, with a pronounced increase of 57% for moraine‐dammed lakes. Sixteen moraine‐dammed lakes were identified and assessed for outburst susceptibility using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Forty‐one reported glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) events from moraine‐dammed lakes in Himalayan regions were analysed, culminating in the identification of 11 critical factors for assessing outburst susceptibility using the AHP, including those related to the lake area and change, surrounding terrain characteristics, dam geometry, regional seismicity and rainfall history. The past three GLOF events in the Himalayan region were used to validate the method and to classify moraine‐dammed lakes as having very high, high, medium or low outburst susceptibility. Eight lakes classified as very high and high outburst susceptibility should be further investigated in detail. The proposed AHP‐based approach is suitable for first‐order identification of critical lakes for prioritising future detailed investigation and monitoring of moraine‐dammed glacial lakes in the Himalayan region. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

洞庭湖湿地柳属木本植物与薹草属草本植物群落土壤与水环境特征

木本与草本是植物存在的两种主要生活型,生态功能差异明显,尤其在植物被周期性洪水淹没的湿地生态系统中.为此,以洞庭湖湿地二门闸、五门闸、藕池河口、白沙大桥4个研究点的原生柳属木本植被与薹草属草本植被为研究对象,通过对枯水期土壤理化性质与汛期水流速度、水环境的对比监测,揭示两者生态防护功能的差异.对土壤粒径组成而言,在二门闸与白沙大桥2个研究点,木本与草本植物群落土壤样本之间无显著差异;而在五门闸与藕池河,与草本植物相比,木本植物导致土壤上层(0~30 cm)与下层(60~90 cm)粉粒含量降低,砂粒含量增加,中层(30~60 cm)黏粒与粉粒含量增加,砂粒含量降低.对土壤化学性质而言,木本植物总体上导致土壤有机质与全氮含量升高,而对全磷与全钾含量无显著影响.与草本植物相比,木本植物能显著减缓水流速度,提高水体氧化还原电位与溶解氧浓度,而对水温与p H值无明显影响.可见,洞庭湖湿地木本与草本植物生活型的差异,是导致二者土壤与水环境特征差别的主要原因,与草本植物相比,木本植物具有更强的生态防护功能.     

西洞庭湖天然和人工改造湿地中克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)与日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)的食性差异

栖息地退化和外来物种入侵都是淡水生态系统中的主要威胁因素,因此,量化不同人类活动干扰强度下外来入侵生物和本土生物的食性组成差异,对于明确种间竞争强度,制定适合的管理对策至关重要.本研究应用碳、氮稳定同位素分析技术,比较了长江中下游西洞庭湖湿地受人类活动干扰程度不同的天然湿地和人工改造湿地中的入侵种克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)与本土种日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)的食性组成及差异.2017年8月8-18日在西洞庭湖区不同人类干扰强度的栖息地中采集了两种消费者和5种潜在食物来源样品,共计91个.测定碳氮稳定同位素含量后,使用贝叶斯混合模型,估算不同食物来源对消费者的贡献.研究发现:在两种栖息地中克氏原螯虾与日本沼虾食性均有重叠,且在改造湿地中重叠度更大.与克氏原螯虾相比,日本沼虾消费更多的动物性食物.与天然湿地相比,在改造湿地中由于克氏原螯虾数量更多,与本土种竞争食物资源,克氏原螯虾和日本沼虾δ¹³ C比值都显著升高,食性组成均发生了变化,植物性食物来源比重增加.由于食性改变,在改造湿地中仅日本沼虾δ¹⁵ N比值显著下降,克氏原螯虾在两种栖息地中δ¹⁵ N比值无显著变化.本研究证明,随着人类干扰强度增大,受干扰湿地中外来入侵生物对本土生物的影响增大.     

近年来黄河源头地区玛多县湖泊变化

根据时间序列数据2001-2006年连续6年的MODIS资料,连续监测了玛多县近几年的湖泊变化情况,结果表明玛多全县2006年的湖泊比2001年多35个,湖泊面积增加了56.59km^2,以2003年为最低值,从2001-2003年全县湖泊面积逐年减少,而从2003-2006年全县湖泊面积逐年增加。各主要湖泊呈现不同的变化趋势,与全县湖泊的变化趋势不太一致。年降水量与全县湖泊面积相关系数最大,说明年降水量对全县湖泊面积的影响较大,各主要湖泊受各气候要素的影响大小也不一样。     

人与自然关系的修复——日本琵琶湖治理与生活环境主义的应用

湖泊的环境、生态问题与流域社会、经济密切相关.如何从社会学的角度认识和解决湖泊所遇到的问题,越来越受到各领域研究者的关注.环境社会学一种理论如何付诸于解决环境问题的实践？尚处于探索过程之中.通过了解日本环境社会学以及生活环境主义的起源和思想,总结日本琵琶湖将生活环境主义思想应用于湖泊治理中的各种方法和实例,分析环境社会学在湖泊治理中发挥的作用.通过环境社会学在琵琶湖的治理中的经验,探讨生活环境主义在湖泊治理中可能发挥的作用.认为在下一阶段的湖泊治理中修复“人与自然的关系”将会成为重要内容.     

Spatial distribution,fractionation and ecological risk assessment of potentially toxic metals in bottom sediments of the Zarivar freshwater Lake (Northwestern Iran)

Freshwater lakes are one of the most vulnerable ecosystems to environmental contamination. This study was initiated to assess the spatial distribution, fractionation, ecological risk of selected potentially toxic metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, and Ni) in bottom sediments of the Zarivar lake, the second largest freshwater lake in Iran. The results revealed that Pb, Zn and Cu had the high spatial variability (coefficient of variation >50) across the sampling sites and their maximum concentrations (197.5 for Pb, 198.7 for Zn and 185.6 mg/kg for Cu) were observed in sampling sites from the northern, western and eastern margins of the lake. Cr and Ni with average concentrations of 28.3 and 31.38 mg/kg respectively, exhibited low spatial variability (coefficient of variation <20) and their concentrations did not vary significantly among the sampling sites. Based on the redundancy analysis (RDA), sediment organic matter was strongly correlated with Pb, Zn and Cu while Fe₂O₃ and Al₂O₃ showed a positive correlation with Ni and Cr. The calculated average enrichment factor (EF) and geoaccumulation index (I_geo) showed that the contamination level of metals can be arranged in the following order of Pb> Cu > Zn > Cr > Ni. Results from the modified five-step sequential extraction analysis indicated that 40 % of total Pb and Zn were associated with the reducible fraction, 45 % of Cu with the oxidizable fraction and more than 80 % of total Ni and Cr were retrieved from the residual fraction. It was also noticed that Pb, Zn and Cu were more incorporated into the non-residual fractions in the sites with a higher total concentration of these metals, suggesting that both total concentration and fractionation behavior of metals were influenced by their potential sources in the study area. Ecological risk assessment using the potential ecological risk index (PERI) and the modified potential ecological risk index (MPERI) showed that sediments from the eight sampling sites pose a moderate to considerable risk whereas the other sites had low ecological risk level. In comparison to sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), the effects range low (ERL) and probable effect level (PEL) values for Pb, Cu and Zn were exceeded at some sampling sites while Ni and Cr concentrations were found to be below or close to their SQGs values at all the sampling sites. Pb was generally identified as the contaminant of most concern in the study area. Taking into account the results obtained from the fractionation study and the source contribution estimate, it can be inferred that the Pb, Zn and Cu with the average contribution of 79, 54 and 64 % respectively, were mainly derived from anthropogenic sources whereas Ni and Cr with the estimated contribution of 80 and 89 % were predominately from the lithogenic source.     

Lake–mire ecosystem transformation and its possible forcing mechanisms in volcanic landform regions: a case study in the Gushantun peatland of northeast China

Large numbers of peatlands were developed in volcanic landform regions, which would provide valuable long-term records of lake–mire ecosystem shifts and act as significant carbon pool in regional carbon cycle. To investigate lake–mire ecosystem transformations and driving mechanisms in volcanic landform regions, the developmental history of Gushantun peatland in northeast China was reconstructed in this study. Results indicate that Gushantun peatland initiated in the deepest portions of the basin, and subsequently experienced expansions outward. Peat initiated from approximately 12 ka cal. bp to present. The developmental patterns of Gushantun peatland can be divided into four stages: the stable stage 1 (12–10 ka cal. bp ), maximum stage (10–7 ka cal. bp ), stable stage 2 (7–4 ka cal. bp ) and stable stage 3 (4–0 ka cal. bp ). The possible forcing mechanisms for the development of Gushantun peatland were different during different periods. From 12 ka cal. bp to 10 ka cal. bp , autogenic process was probably the major controlling factor for the expansion of this peatland. From 10 to 7 ka cal. bp , flat basin morphology was the major influence factor for fast expansion. However, the development of Gushantun peatland was probably controlled by the dual effects of high moisture and autogenic process during the period of 7 to 4 ka cal. bp . From 4 ka cal. bp to present, steep basin morphology was the major influence factor, while moisture might be the secondary factor for development of Gushantun peatland. These features indicate that lake–mire ecosystem transforms in volcanic landform regions of Changbai Mountains were probably triggered by the complex effects of autogenic process, hydroclimate and underlying basin morphology. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.