老挝田黄石的宝石学与矿物学特征

运用静水称重法、X射线粉晶衍射仪、傅立叶红外光谱仪、全岩化学分析、环境扫描电镜、激光剥蚀等离子质谱等测试手段,对老挝田黄石的矿物学特征进行了研究.结果表明,老挝田黄石含有多种高岭石族矿物,并以地开石为主.Fe3+为老挝田黄石呈黄色的致色离子.样品中高岭石族矿物颗粒直径为3~5μm,呈假六方片状,表面平整,呈三维堆垛或叠瓦状紧密排列.样品中矿物颗粒越小,结晶程度越好,自形程度越高,样品的透明度越高.微量元素分析可对老挝田黄石与田黄进行产地区分.老挝田黄石中Ga元素的质量分数高于田黄,而Co、Rb、Ni等元素的质量分数明显低于田黄.Co-Ga、Rb-Ga、Ni-Ga元素的投点图能较好区分老挝田黄石和田黄.老挝田黄石样品表现出轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损的特征,且轻稀土元素的分馏明显.     

基于能值的兴文石海风景名胜区可持续发展研究

运用能值分析方法对兴文石海风景名胜区近期和远期规划进行了分析。结果表明,远期与近期相比,系统的环境效益和经济效益有了一定的改善,可持续性有了较大程度的提高,但废污排放量有了较大的增加。最后,提出了相应的建议。     

Experimental definition of microclimatic conditions based on water transfer and porous media properties for the conservation of prehistoric constructions: Cueva Pintada at Galdar,Gran Canaria,Spain

Microclimatic parameters and natural materials were studied in order to assess conservation of the cave complex at Galdar, Gran Canaria. Based on the microclimatic data, experimental simulations were carried out to quantify water retention capacity and water vapour transport kinetics under continuously changing extreme temperatures and relative humidity values. The behaviour of natural construction materials is greatly influenced by changes in thermo-hygrometric conditions and is linked to pore structure. The host rock has a complex porous media: high porosity and polymodal pore size distribution, where the smallest pores contribute to water condensation, whilst large pores lead to high water absorption rates. The axial compressive strength of the host-rock decreases between 30 and 70% at water saturation. Stuccos covering cave wall paintings are formed by clay minerals, mainly smectites. These clay minerals cover a large specific surface area, which leads to a high capacity for water condensation and retention. It is also shown that neither water condensation nor vapour transport are noticeably modified by the presence of stucco on the host-rock when rapid, highly variable changes occur in environmental conditions if large shrinkage cracks are present. Results show that safe threshold microclimatic conditions can be found below 75% RH in the natural temperature range and that slight variations in temperature and relative humidity do not modify durability properties.     

寿山石-田黄石基本问题及斜绿泥石型似“田黄石”工艺品的再探讨

据大量民间收藏的"田黄石"工艺品的检测,按主要组成矿物,其可被分为迪开石型、叶蜡石型、伊利石型、斜绿泥石型等。"萝卜纹"、"格"和"皮"不是确定田黄石的必要条件。对寿山石、田黄石的命名需要与国际接轨,建议使用矿物名称与传统名称相结合的双重命名法。田黄石不只由迪开石和/或珍珠石组成,建议做进一步的相关地质调查和测试研究。     

我国南方早古生代聚煤过程中硫的生物地球化学行为及成矿效应

我国早古生代煤主要蕴藏在煤炭资源贫乏的南方各省,因坚硬似岩石又称之为石煤,储量极为丰富,仅浙江至广西就分布有长约1 600 km的石煤矿,石煤中含有或富集了多种金属元素,目前已发现的伴生元素达60多种,如钒、钼、磷、钡、镍、铀、金、银等,局部可形成工业矿床而作为某种矿物资源单独开采,是我国有待系统开发的潜在的多矿产资源。研究表明:石煤形成于以菌藻类为主的生物堆积和浅表海或古陆边缘的海相还原环境,含有大量的菌藻类(如蓝绿藻和褐藻)、古孢子、海绵骨针及一些分类尚不明确的原始动、植物等生物化石,具有低碳、高灰、高硫的特点,海相沉积环境和藻类对硫的机械富集与捕集是造成含石煤岩系中硫含量高的主要因素。石煤中富集的金属元素绝大多数是亲硫元素,早期聚煤作用过程是石煤中伴生元素富集的重要阶段,多金属硫化物是石煤中金属元素最重要的赋存形式,主要有硫磺、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿、方硫镍矿、辉镍矿、辉砷镍矿、针镍矿、含镍黄铁矿和硫钼矿等,大量实验及同位素研究资料揭示了细菌还原硫酸盐作用是导致大规模金属硫化物矿化最可能的生物营力,也是石煤和金属硫化物矿床主要的成煤和成矿机制,硫的生物地球化学行为直接影响了金属元素的富集与赋存状态,但早...     

"昌化田黄石"的结构和成分研究

采用电子探针、扫描电镜、X射线粉晶衍射、红外光谱分析、热重分析、X射线能谱分析、激光拉曼光谱分析等测试方法对"昌化田黄石"样品的结构和成分进行了研究,并结 合寿山田黄石进行对比,结果表明"昌化田黄石"样品主要以隐晶质结构、块状构造为主,主要矿物组成为地开石,并含有部分高岭石、高岭石-地开石的过渡物和微量明矾石,其成分和结构与寿山产田黄石基本一致。因此,本文提出了对田黄石定义的建议,即凡产于坡积层或田坑中,具有"细、洁、润、腻、温、凝"之"六德标准"且主要由地开石等高岭石族矿物组成的透有黄色调的块状独石均可称为田黄石。     

巴林石透明度的影响因素探讨

采用黄色系列巴林石,通过一系列实验初步查明了影响巴林石透明度的因素。通过透光率测试确定样品的透明程度,根据结果将样品分为好、中、差3个级别。运用扫描电镜观察和颗粒度统计、X射线粉晶衍射测试,从矿物平均颗粒度的大小及其均匀程度、高岭石族矿物的结晶有序度等方面对巴林石的透明度进行了研究。结果认为:高岭石族矿物的平均颗粒度大小、颗粒的均匀程度、结晶程度、杂质的含量和裂隙的发育程度是巴林石透明度的影响因素。     

Stability of submerged rock berms exposed to motion of liquefied soil in waves

The paper describes the results of an experimental study on the behaviour of a submerged rock berm in liquefied backfill soil. The soil is liquefied by waves, and the rock berm is subject to the orbital motion of the liquefied soil. The soil used in the experiments was silt with d₅₀=0.075 mm. Various berm materials were used, stones of size 0.74-2.5 cm, plastic balls of size 3.6 cm, brass of size 2.5 cm and steel of size 1.0 cm. The experiments show that rock berms that are stable under very large waves can be unstable when they are exposed to the motion of liquefied soil. The limited data obtained in the study were plotted as a function of the mobility number versus the Keulegan-Carpenter number for the range of the Reynolds number of the tests. The critical mobility number corresponding to the incipient motion of the berm stones is determined. Recommendations are made as to how the present findings can be implemented in practice.     

新疆塔县石头城一带中更新世冰碛物的发现及地质意义

笔者首次在塔县的老兵站、石头城和加油站等3处发现了古冰碛物,均呈残留冰碛台地分布,台地高程约为3 100m,表面可见大量正长岩漂砾。漂砾风化穴的主要类型为边墙形、蜂巢型和底穴型。在侵蚀切割该古冰碛物的砂砾层中,得到(62.07±2.44)ka的光释光年龄。同时与附近墓士塔格山和公格尔山古冰川的对比研究,表明该冰碛物时代可能为中更新世倒数第二次冰期,为塔县县城西侧斯顿古冰川向东冰进的产物。该冰碛物的发现具有重要的地质意义:可将斯顿山第四纪冰川遗迹划分为中更新世的倒数第二次冰期、晚更新世的末次冰期,以及全新世的新冰期和小冰期;进一步指示塔什库尔干断裂的左行走滑正断层性质;更新世,斯顿古冰川与墓士塔格冰川各自有明确的界线,不可能形成一个统一的冰盖。     

Influence of stone column installation on settlement reduction

The paper presents numerical simulations investigating the settlement reduction caused by stone columns in a natural soft clay. The focus is on the influence of the soft soil alteration caused by column installation. A uniform mesh of end-bearing columns under a distributed load was considered. Therefore, the columns were modelled using the “unit cell” concept, i.e. only one column and the corresponding surrounding soil in axial symmetry. The properties of the soft clay correspond to Bothkennar clay, which is modelled using S-CLAY1 and S-CLAY1S, which are Cam clay type models that account for anisotropy and destructuration. The Modified Cam clay model is also used for comparison. Column installation was modelled independently to avoid mesh distortions, and soft soil alteration was directly considered in the initial input values. The results show that the changes in the stress field, such as the increase of radial stresses and mean stresses and the loss of overconsolidation, are beneficial for high loads and closely spaced columns but, on the contrary, may be negative for low loads, widely spaced columns and overconsolidated soils. Moreover, whilst the rotation of the soil fabric reduces the settlement, in contrast the soil destructuration during column installation reduces the improvement.