基于Strahler面积—高程分析的云南石林县域喀斯特地貌演化的量化研究

基于异质性喀斯特地貌结构与喀斯特保护地整体保护利用的关系,将水平蚀低垂直加深的喀斯特地貌发育机制落实于地理信息系统支持的Strahler面积—高程分析,形成整体、海拔段和内部洼地的面积—高程曲线与积分值指标组,以量化石林县域喀斯特地貌演化。结果表明不同地貌发育特征的不同地形面具有不同的Strahler值,其差异和规律性有一定的指示价值。石林县四级海拔梯级地貌处于壮年晚期,为断裂切割与巴江侵蚀基准面差异性控制下的孤丘夷平面分解,属同期异构的回春型地貌区。> 2100 m海拔段为孤丘夷平构造侵蚀溶原中山,洼地不发育。1900~2100 m海拔段为孤丘夷平面转向孤丘溶原洼地、峰丛洼地,暗河不发育。1700~1900 m海拔段为溶丘洼地斜坡,由蚀余状石林—剑状石林—覆盖石林—烘烤石林组成的石林垂直层状结构与溶丘—洼地—暗河—泉群—河谷盆地组成的水平梯级地貌结构,它是水平与垂直地貌过程的融合产物。石林发育区既为水源形成区,也为水土流失区。这是石林保护地整体保护利用的地貌动力依据。     

则岔石林地质公园喀斯特地貌类型及形成机制

则岔石林地质公园位于甘肃省碌曲县,该处地貌完整地保存了高寒喀斯特的特征,具有典型性与稀有性。为了揭示其自然科学价值,促进自然资源开发与景观保护,基于前人工作基础,通过野外地质调查,以碌曲县区域地学为背景,介绍了则岔石林地质公园的喀斯特地貌类型,即以高原石林为主,一线天为亮点,小型溶洞为辅。继而从地质构造、岩性、水文气候、生物因素四方面分析了园内喀斯特地貌的形成机制。对完善我国高海拔地区岩溶系列地质遗迹的科学研究具有一定意义。同时,高寒喀斯特的生态化对南方喀斯特沙漠化的治理具有良好的示范作用。     

齐齐哈尔碾子山麦饭石物化性能及其对Pb2+、Cd2+、Cr3+的吸附行为研究

以齐齐哈尔碾子山麦饭石为研究对象,通过比表面积及孔隙分析、阳离子交换容量(CEC)测试以及p H值缓冲能力测试等,对碾子山区麦饭石的结构和性能进行表征,并进一步研究麦饭石对Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cr~(3+)的吸附行为。结果显示:碾子山区麦饭石具有海绵体大孔结构,阳离子交换容量(CEC)13~20 mmol/100 g。碾子山麦饭石对酸碱溶液都具有较好的调节能力,尤其对酸液的调节更高效。重金属吸附性能方面,对Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cr~(3+)这3种离子吸附关系为:Pb~(2+)Cr~(3+)Cd~(2+)。     

振冲碎石桩在水库坝基处理工程中的应用

振冲碎石桩具有施工速度快、工艺简单、投资低、加固效果好的优点,被广泛应用于水利工程、道路修建、建筑工程等多个领域。在四川会理县黎溪镇大海子水库坝基处理工程中采用了振冲碎石桩技术。结合该工程实例,介绍了振冲碎石桩的施工原理、施工工艺、施工顺序、施工情况等,并对该工艺的实用价值和经济价值进行了评价。     

Surface stone cover on desert hillslopes; parameterizing characteristics relevant to infiltration and surface runoff

Surface stones are a common feature of desert hillslopes. They influence slope processes ranging from the interception and partitioning of rainwater to the dislodgement and transport of regolith particles. The aspects of a stone mantle which relate to these various influences are diverse, and include surface cover fraction, dimensions of the infiltration annulus, and geometric and packing effects. Analyses of the characteristics of stone cover at two study sites were made using photographic methods and are used to evaluate different means of reporting mean stone sizes. It is found that mean diameter based on weight, as conventionally employed in sieve analysis, is insensitive to important stone cover characteristics and may be influenced greatly by uncommon, large stones. Similarly, mean diameters based on count become inappropriate if large numbers of small stones dominate the calculated mean, concealing other site-to-site differences in stone cover. As a more appropriate parameterization of stone geometry, the use of mean diameters weighted by stone surface area and perimeter length are proposed. These weighting factors have the advantage that they relate closely to stone characteristics relevant to slope hydrology and erosion processes.     

凤凰大理石矿床地质特征及开发建议

凤凰大理石矿床属沉积碳酸盐岩类型,特大型矿床。它赋存于奥陶系中统的牯牛潭组和宝塔组地层中,矿体成层状,由三个矿层组成,分别产出“沱江绿”、“凤凰红”和“龟纹石”三种大理石品种,其物理性能良好,抗压强度为68.65—143.21MPa,抗折强度大于13.73MPa,容重2.73—2.78g/cm_3,吸水率0.20—0.42％,抗冻性能合格,加工性能和装饰性能良好,是一种优质的饰面石材。     

Acid rain damage to carbonate stone: A quantitative assessment based on the aqueous geochemistry of rainfall runoff from stone

An onsite experimental procedure was used to identify and quantify acid rain damage to carbonate stone, based on the change in rain runoff chemical composition. Observed changes in runoff from stone are attributed to the interaction of acidic species present in the rain with the stone surface. Onsite data obtained during the summer and fall of 1984 at three locations in the northeastern United States indicate that carbonate stone surface recession is related to acid deposition. Although the study is continuing, current data are not adequate to distinguish differences in the acid-stone reaction between limestone and marble nor among the three study sites. A single linear relation between carbonate stone surface recession (the dependent variable) and hydrogen ion loading to the stone surface (the independent variable) appears to describe the data set.     

Catalyzing sustainability pathways: Navigating urban nature based solutions in Europe

The notion that pathways can be identified and followed towards more sustainable futures has become an increasingly prevalent idea across the science and policy of global environmental change. Focusing on the debate within literatures on socio-technical systems, we find that pathways are often tied to the concept of scaling up such that they are dependent on trajectories which extend from the geographically small to large scale or from singular incidences to widespread adoption. Building on relational approaches to scaling, in this paper we argue that sustainability pathways need to be conceived as emerging from the catalytic interaction of multiple and overlapping efforts to change the status quo. We suggest that pathways can be conceptualized as being composed of ‘stepping stones’: bundles of related interventions that seize or create opportunities to build momentum for the implementation of innovations, the form of which is not predetermined. Drawing on 243 interviews, participant observation, and document analysis examining urban nature-based solutions across six European countries and the EU, we identify 20 stepping stones that can be used to accelerate the uptake of urban NBS in European cities. In the case of urban NBS in Europe, we find that the capacity of stepping stones to generate catalytic change strongly depends on how they interact with one another. We illustrate that pathways are not given but rather assembled through key interventions that collectively generate the capacities and momentum needed to overcome inertia and generate new socio-material orders in which such interventions are normalized as mainstream responses to sustainability challenges.     

是蹄窝,不是壶穴——北京西山古道蹄窝成因考

北京境内的西部山区统称为北京西山,亦简称京西,是北京西部的天然屏障,也是京城连接河北、山西和内蒙古等地的重要通道。京西矿产资源丰富,尤其盛产优质煤炭,是京城重要的能源基地。京西风景秀美,宗教文化渊源深厚,是北京周边的宗教圣地。连接京西重要军事设施、宗教场所和数百个自然村落的古代道路统称京西古道,主要繁荣于明清年间。随着现代铁路和公路开通,这些古道渐渐冷清。但近年来,成了人们郊游的良好场所。在人工开凿修建的古道上(大型铺砌路石和垭口基岩路面)散布着许多直径十几厘米的圆形凹坑,本是运送煤炭等货物的驮畜数百年间长期不断踩踏的产物,因此通常被称为"蹄窝"。近年来,这些蹄窝却被某些地质学家当作天然形成的"壶穴"在网上作科普宣传,且被许多游人信以为真。本文从京西古道的发展史、元明清三朝京西煤矿的开采历史文献等方面对京西古道进行了考证,特别对京西古道上的蹄窝首次进行了系统的测量与描述,从其空间分布、形成的时间要素、微观特征、永定河及大石河河谷中的天然壶穴对比、人文历史证据以及与中国国内其他古道的视频资料等诸多方面对蹄窝的成因进行了讨论,证实京西古道上的蹄窝不是水流冲刷形成的壶穴,而是运送煤炭等货物的驮畜数百年间不断踩踏所形成的蹄坑。在蹄窝的形成过程中,不排除有岩石的差异性风化和溶蚀作用的参与,但这种作用远小于牲蹄踩踏的机械作用。     

The influence of petrophysical properties on the salt weathering of porous building rocks

The influence of pore structure, water transport properties and rock strength on salt weathering is evaluated by means of a thorough rock characterisation and a statistical analysis. The pore structure was described in terms of its porosity, pore size distribution (quantified by mean pore radius) and specific surface area, density and water transport was characterised by means of water permeability (saturated flow) and capillary imbibition (unsaturated flow); whilst the rock strength test was carried out using uniaxial compressive strength, compressional and shear wave velocities, dynamic elastic constants and waveform energy and attenuation were obtained from the digital analysis of the transmitted signal. A principal component analysis and a stepwise multiple regression model was carried out in order to examine the direct relationships between salt weathering and petrophysical properties. From the principal component analysis, two main components were obtained and assigned a petrophysical meaning. The first component is mostly linked to mechanical properties, porosity and density whereas the second component is associated with the water transport and pore structure. Salt weathering, quantified by the percentage of weight loss after salt crystallisation, was included in both principal components, showing its dependence on their petrophysical properties. The stepwise multiple regression analysis found that rock strength has a predominant statistical weight in the prediction of salt weathering, with a minor contribution of water transport and pore structure parameters.