Lunar noise correlation,imaging and monitoring

Passive seismic techniques have revolutionarised seismology,leading for example to increased resolution in surface wave tomography,to the possibility to monitor changes in the propagation medium,and to many new processing strategies in seismic exploration.Here we review applications of the new techniques to a very particular dataset,namely data from the Apollo 17 lunar network.The special conditions of the lunar noise environment are investigated,illustrating the interplay between the properties of the noise and the ability to reconstruct Green's functions.With a dispersion analysis of reconstructed Rayleigh waves new information about the shallow shear velocity structure of the Moon are obtained.Passive image interferometry is used to study the effect of temperature changes in the subsurface on the seismic velocities providing direct observation of a dynamic process in the lunar environment.These applications highlight the potential of passive techniques for terrestrial and planetary seismology.     

基于《中国震例》的地下流体异常特征统计分析

基于《中国震例》记录的1966年以来的震例, 按异常测项和变化类型分类统计了与地下流体相关的异常数量与震级、 震中距、 持续时间的相关性。 结果显示: 中国大陆M6.5以下地震的地下流体异常数量与震级无相关性, M6.5以上地震异常数量随震级的增大而增多, 二者呈指数关系; 地下流体异常多集中于距震中300 km范围内, 且各测项间无明显区别, 异常数量与震中距之间呈Gamma分布特征; 地下流体异常时空演化主要表现为 “向震中收缩”、 “构造控制”和“相对集中”三种典型特征, 震前异常数量主要表现为“持续增长”型和“先增后减”型两类, 且以“先增后减”型居多。 本文统计得到的地下流体前兆信息特征, 可为今后地震预报实践提供一定参考。     

地震监测中环境因素对精密水准观测影响分析

区域精密水准测量在地震监测中发挥了重要的作用,但是由于其作业范围广、观测周期长,容易受外界复杂多变的环境因素影响。目前对环境因素的影响分析大多是定性描述,缺乏实验观测数据的支撑。针对这一问题,选取大约2000km区域精密水准观测数据,结合观测环境资料,统计分析不同环境因素对观测成果的影响程度,并提出了相应的改进措施。     

历史强震烈度点数量的统计特征及其对历史地震参数的影响

以1995 年出版的《中国历史强震目录(公元前23 世纪～ 公元1911 年)》为基础,首先统计了中国历史强震烈度点数量的总体分布情况,然后对历史强震烈度点数量在时间、空间和强度上的分布进行了分析,结果表明中国历史强震的烈度点资料普遍偏少。在时间和强度上,公元1500 年以前,受条件所限很多历史大震没有记载或者有些记载没能流传至今,而流传下来的历史地震也仅有少数烈度点;公元元年以前,史料记载过于简单且有缺漏,导致估定的最大震级记录不超过7 级;公元1500 年以后才开始出现8 级以上大震记录。在空间上,中国东部地区地震记载点明显较西部地区更为翔实。本文对单烈度记载点历史强震情况进行了重点分析,并将既有仪器记录又有宏观考察的现代地震按照历史地震参数获取方法进行处理,以讨论烈度点稀缺对确定历史地震参数的影响。     

地震烈度快速评估研究现状与分析

对烈度快速评估的相关问题的研究现状进行了阐述和分析,包括地震烈度评定标准、烈度衰减规律、地震烈度与地震动参数之间定量关系、地震烈度速报系统及仪器烈度等.讨论了在强震观测台网密集、比较稀疏以及无法实时和近实时获取震后强震资料等情形下,进行烈度快速评估的方法以及尚需解决的问题.目前我国大部分地区强震观测台网较为稀疏的情况下,采用基于地震学的地震动合成方法估计地震烈度分布是进行烈度快速评估较为合适的方法,进行相关研究对震后救灾部署和震灾评估具有重要意义.     

基于统计检验法研究Amurian板块相对独立性

Amurian 板块是Zonenshain等提出的提出的东北亚地区内部一个构造亚板块.Amurian板块自提出以来就一直受到地学界的广泛重视.它到底是欧亚大陆的一部分,还是独立于欧亚大陆之外的一个独立次级构造块体?这个问题一直是是东亚,乃至欧亚大陆构造动力学研究的核心问题之一.许多学者从地质和地球物理学两个角度研究了Amurian板块存在的可能性.但是复杂的构造特征和稀少且弥散的地震分布使得Amurian问题充满了争议.全球卫星定位系统(GPS)技术的不断进步使得在短时间获得高精度、大范围、准实时的地壳运动观测数据,并确定地壳运动速度场成为可能.本文利用东北亚地区最新GPS资料,从大地测量学角度对东北亚地区的地壳运动特征进行分析,基于统计检验方法重点研究Amurian板块相对欧亚大陆的独立性及其边界等问题.     

Discharge and suspended sediment flux estimated along the mainstream of the Amazon and the Madeira Rivers (from in situ and MODIS Satellite Data)

Water and suspended sediment fluxes are considered during the period 2000–2008 in a region including the full Amazon River from the confluence of the Negro River to Santarém, the end part of the Solimões River, and the lower part of the Madeira River. Three types of data are used: water discharge estimated from field measurements, and suspended sediment obtained from field measurements and derived from MODIS satellite data. A generalized least square method including a propagating term is developed in order to propagate the signal upward and downward the river. The approach is introduced and tested. Several experiments are considered in order, first, to estimate the ability to propagate the signal from stations located before the confluences of Negro and Madeira Rivers to stations located on the Amazon River; second to investigate the possibility to propagate the signal along the Amazon River which dynamics is coupled with floodplains dynamics; and third to produce optimal solutions of water and sediment fluxes. For each experiment, the influence of field and satellite data is compared. The approach is efficient in the upper part of the region of study where the Solimões, the Negro and the Madeira Rivers meet and fails in the lower part of the region where interactions between Amazon River and floodplains play an important role on the fluxes’ dynamics. The optimal experiment includes in situ and satellite data from all the stations available and is used to analyse the recent evolution of suspended sediment flux along the Amazon River and its interaction with the large coupled floodplains. A high accumulation rate is observed during the 2000–2002 period, followed by decreasing rates until 2005 and by increasing values in 2006 and 2007. Our results suggest that floodplains extending along a river reach of 390 km-long between Itacoatiara and Óbidos trap about 15% of the suspended sediment flux passing at Óbidos. The simulated deposition rate is of about 0.3 Mt km⁻¹ yr⁻¹ corresponding to an accretion rate of about 27 mm yr⁻¹.     

Identifying future climate change and drought detection using CanESM2 in the upper Siem Reap River,Cambodia

Cambodia is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change impacts such as floods and droughts. Study of future climate change and drought conditions in the upper Siem Reap River catchment is vital because this river plays a crucial role in maintaining the Angkor Temple Complex and livelihood of the local population since 12th century. The resolution of climate data from Global Circulation Models (GCM) is too coarse to employ effectively at the watershed scale, and therefore downscaling of the dataset is required. Artificial neural network (ANN) and Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) models were applied in this study to downscale precipitation and temperatures from three Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios) from Global Climate Model data of the Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM2) on a daily and monthly basis. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) were adopted to develop criteria for dry and wet conditions in the catchment. Trend detection of climate parameters and drought indices were assessed using the Mann-Kendall test. It was observed that the ANN and SDSM models performed well in downscaling monthly precipitation and temperature, as well as daily temperature, but not daily precipitation. Every scenario indicated that there would be significant warming and decreasing precipitation which contribute to mild drought. The results of this study provide valuable information for decision makers since climate change may potentially impact future water supply of the Angkor Temple Complex (a World Heritage Site).     

泛亚铁路滇西大理至瑞丽沿线主要活动断裂与地震地质特征

根据最新的遥感影像解译和地表调查成果,分析总结了拟建的云南大理至瑞丽铁路沿线区域最新的地表变形特征、主要活动断裂带的几何分布与运动学特征。结果显示,影响该区地壳稳定性的活动断裂带主要有10条,从东到西包括：点苍山东麓断裂、云龙-永平断裂带、保山断裂带、蒲缥-施甸断裂、太平-罗明坝断裂、镇安断裂带、龙新共轭断裂系、黄连河共轭断裂系、龙川江断裂和畹町断裂带,其中晚第四纪期间活动性最显著、对工程场地稳定性影响最大的是：点苍山东麓断裂带、保山盆地西缘断裂带、蒲缥-施甸断裂、畹町断裂带等。同时,通过整理分析近代强震资料发现,仅根据历史强震资料所揭示的高地震烈度区是不全面的,结合最新的活动断裂调查成果,对大瑞铁路沿线区域的地震烈度分区进行重新划分后,认为大瑞铁路工程场地区从东到西至少存在：大理-弥渡、保山、蒲缥-施甸、镇安-荆竹坪和瑞丽-畹町5个大于等于区级的高地震烈度区,需要在铁路工程建设的抗震设防时给予重点关注。     

矿物晶体形态统计方法探讨

矿物晶体形态标型研究广泛应用于矿床成因研究和成矿预测工作,是成因矿物学研究中一个很重要的方面。文章以黄铁矿晶体形态统计为例,介绍了适用于简单晶体形态统计的形态统计法、适用于复杂晶体形态统计的习性统计法,以及根据实际观测实践提出的权重统计法。通过对这3种方法的比较,指出了不同方法的利弊,给出了根据不同研究目的及样品实际情况选择不同方法的建议。