胜利油区渤南洼陷沙四上亚段成岩演化序列研究

根据粘土矿物演化、有机质演化、成岩矿物特征、阴极发光、铸体薄片以及包裹体等方面研究,厘定了渤南洼陷沙四上亚段目前处于成岩晚期A2-B亚期;建立了渤南洼陷深部储层成岩演化序列,阐明了粘土矿物及其演化是储层形成的序参量;研究了渤南洼陷沙四上亚段成岩作用。重点探讨了泥岩和砂岩中粘土矿物对深部储层的影响——砂岩储层中的无机成岩作用与生油岩中的有机质成岩作用密切相关,二者相互作用的结果使邻近储层铝硅酸盐颗粒和碳酸盐溶蚀,形成次生孔隙;且发现高岭石大量出现是次生孔隙发育的一个标志,预测3600m附近极有可能存在一次生孔隙发育带。     

Lateral soil–pipeline interaction in sand backfill: Effect of trench dimensions

Current analytical methodologies for the evaluation of soil pressures on laterally displaced pipelines, as in the case of differential (e.g. fault-induced) permanent ground movements, allow the use of sand fill material properties under the condition that the size of the trench is adequate so that the failure surface develops fully within the sand fill (i.e. “free field” response). The accuracy of this assumption is investigated in this paper by means of numerical analyses, which employ a number of advanced features, such as pipe-backfill interface elements, large strain formulation and mesh rezoning. Following verification against well-documented experimental data, the analyses investigate: (a) the shape and size of the failure mechanism, as well as, (b) the potential trench effects on soil pressures and pipeline strains in the case of a strike-slip fault rupture. It is shown that for small embedment depths soil failure extends to the ground surface, in the form of a general shear failure mechanism, while for larger depths it becomes progressively localized and surrounds the pipeline. It is also shown that, for most cases of pipeline diameter and embedment depth, common trench dimensions cannot contain the “free field” failure surface dimensions. Finally, analyses for limited trench dimensions, reveal that the ultimate soil pressure increases exponentially with decreasing trench width, leading to high bending strains in pipelines subjected to differential lateral ground displacements.     

High-pressure granulite facies metamorphism in the Pan-African belt of eastern Tanzania: P–T–t evidence against granulite formation by continent collision

To constrain the tectonic history of the Pan-African belt in Tanzania, we have studied the P–T evolution of granulites from northern and eastern Tanzania representative for a large part of the southern Pan-African belt of East Africa (e.g. Pare, Usambara, Ukaguru and Uluguru Mountains). Thermobarometry (conventional and multireaction equilibria) on enderbites and metapelites gives 9.5–11 kbar and 810±40 °C during peak metamorphism at 650–620 Ma. This is consistent with the occurrence of both sillimanite and kyanite in metapelites and of the high-P granulite facies assemblage garnet–clinopyroxene–quartz in mafic rocks. Peak metamorphic conditions are surprisingly similar over a very large area with N-S and E-W extents of about 700 and 200 km respectively. The prograde metamorphic evolution in the entire area started in the kyanite field but evolved mainly within the sillimanite stability field. The retrograde P–T evolution is characterized by late-stage kyanite in metapelites and garnet–clinopyroxene coronas around orthopyroxene in meta-igneous rocks. This is in agreement with thermobarometric results and isotopic dating, indicating a period of nearly isobaric and slow cooling prior to tectonic uplift. The anticlockwise P–T path could have resulted from magmatic underplating and loading of the lower continental crust which caused heating and thickening of the crust. Substantial postmetamorphic crustal thickening of yet unknown age (presumably after 550 Ma) led subsequently to the exhumation of high-P granulites over a large area. The results are consistent with formation of the Pan-African granulites at an active continental margin where tonalitic intrusions caused crustal growth and heating 70–100 Ma prior to continental collision. The P–T–t path contradicts recent geodynamic models which proposed tectonic crustal thickening due to continental collision between East and West Gondwana as the cause of granulite formation in the southern part of the Pan-African belt.     

基于PSR模型的贵州矿山地质环境变化趋势分析

矿产资源开发必然影响矿山地质环境。研究矿山地质环境的变化趋势,有利于预防矿山地质环境的恶化和矿山地质环境问题恢复治理。采集贵州矿山地质环境现状、对矿山恢复的有利因素和不利因素,用基于PRS模型分析了全省矿山地质环境未来变化趋势,得出在未来较长时期矿山地质环境会有较大变化,且是向好的方向转化的结论,但变化速度不会太快,矿山地质环境恢复治理工作仍很艰巨。     

A distinct element method numerical investigation of compaction processes in highly porous cemented granular materials

In this paper, the results of an oedometric numerical test campaign, performed by means of a 3D Discrete Element Code on idealised cemented granular cylindrical specimens, are illustrated. The idealised microstructure taken into account is characterised by the following: (i) rigid grains bonded to one another; (ii) a high void ratio; and (iii) two different families of voids: the micro and the macro‐voids. The compaction process developing within the specimens, as well as the localization along tabular zones of pure compressive deformation (compaction banding) that in some cases takes place, are discussed. The influence on the evolution of this peculiar strain localization process of many microstructural/numerical parameters like material porosity, macro‐void size, the constitutive relationship adopted for the bonds and the bond damage rate is analysed. Tests for different values of porosity were run. Below a certain porosity threshold value, the onset of mixed modes of localisation was detected whereas the increase in the macro‐void size is observed to favour the onset of instability. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

遵义断裂带变形特点及其演化历史探讨

遵义断裂带是贵州省境内南北向最大的断层之一,对断裂带的宏观构造、微观构造及两侧沉积相研究表明,该断裂是形成于燕山期的盖层断裂,并非同沉积断裂。其活动演化与周缘构造单元之间存在明显的耦合性,控制着断裂两侧燕山期褶皱、断裂的展布形迹。结合流体包裹体测温和ESR定年的研究表明,断裂的变形以浅部的脆性为主,主要经历了三期活动：主燕山期（J3-K1）的主期变形,表现为强烈的高角度自东向西逆冲兼左行剪切,断裂基本定型;燕山晚期（K2-E）,表现为正断层兼右行平移,控制K2-E红盆沉积,石英脉ESR定年约束该期活动在59～65Ma;喜山期（古近纪至今）,表现为自西向东逆冲。断裂现今构造形迹为多期构造叠加的结果,它在整个活动历史中均表现为脆性,对黔中隆起后期构造格局起到明显的制约作用。     

垃圾填埋场抽水试验及降水方案设计

垃圾填埋场中的渗滤液水位过高会引发一系列环境和稳定问题,工程上可用竖井抽水降低渗滤液水位。通过在填埋场现场进行抽水试验,确定垃圾土的渗透系数和抽水影响半径,在此基础上对填埋场降水的瞬态流问题进行有限元模拟,分析了抽水井口径和间距对填埋场降水的影响,提出了降水方案的设计步骤和方法。抽水试验表明,现场垃圾的渗透系数约为3.6×10-4cm/s,抽水影响半径约为20m。数值分析表明,井径的变化对于降水效果影响不大,而合理选择抽水井间距对降水十分关键。进行抽水方案设计时,应首先根据工期和降水幅度要求计算井间距,按井的出水速度选择水泵,再根据水泵确定井径,最后根据井径和过滤层形式确定钻孔尺寸并选择钻机。     

铜陵黄狮涝山金矿床深部资源潜力预测

从矿床成矿控制因素和勘探控制程度及矿山生产探矿资料分析入手,对黄山金矿主要金矿体进行深部资源潜力预测分析。     

Conceptualization of runoff processes using a geographical information system and tracers in a nested mesoscale catchment

Tracer investigations were combined with a geographical information system (GIS) analysis of the 31 km² Girnock catchment (Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland) in order to understand hydrological functioning by identifying dominant runoff sources and estimating mean residence times. The catchment has a complex geology, soil cover and topography. Gran alkalinity was used to demonstrate that catchment geology has a dominant influence on baseflow chemistry, but flow paths originating in acidic horizons in the upper soil profiles controlled stormflow alkalinity. Chemically based hydrograph separations at the catchment scale indicated that ～30% of annual runoff was derived from groundwater sources. Similar contributions (23–36%) were estimated for virtually all major sub‐basins. δ¹⁸O of precipitation (mean: ? 9·4‰; range: ? 16·1 to ? 5·0‰) and stream waters (mean: ? 9·1‰; range: ? 11·6 to ? 7·4‰) were used to assess mean catchment and sub‐basin residence times, which were in the order ～4–6 months. GIS analysis showed that these tracer‐based diagnostic features of catchment functioning were consistent with the landscape organization of the catchment. Soil and HOST (Hydrology of Soil Type) maps indicated that the catchment and individual sub‐basins were dominated by hydrologically responsive soils, such as peats (Histosol), peaty gleys (Histic Gleysols) and rankers (Umbric Leptosols and Histosols). Soil cover (in combination with a topographic index) predicted extensive areas of saturation that probably expand during hydrological events, thus providing a high degree of hydrological connectivity between catchment hillslopes and stream channel network. This was validated by aerial photographic interpretation and groundtruthing. These characteristics of hydrological functioning (i.e. dominance of responsive hydrological pathways and short residence times) dictate that the catchment is sensitive to land use change impacts on the quality and quantity of streamflows. It is suggested that such conceptualization of hydrological functioning using tracer‐validated GIS analysis can play an important role in the sustainable management of river basins. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.