Beta gyres in global analysis fields

A three-component decomposition is applied to global analysis data to show the existence of a beta gyre, which causes Tropical Cyclone (TC) to drift from a large-scale environmental steering current. Analyses from the Global Data Assimilation and Prediction System (GDAPS) of the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA), the Global Forecast System (GFS) of NCEP, and the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) are used in this study. The structure of the beta gyre obtained in our analyses is in good agreement with the theoretical structure, with a cyclonic circulation to the southwest of the TC center, an anticyclonic circulation to the northeast, and a ventilation flow directed northwestward near the center. The circulation of the beta gyre is strongest at the 850-hPa level where the cyclonically swirling primary circulation is strongest, and decreases with height, in a pyramid shape similar to the primary circulation. The individual structure of the beta gyre is case- and model-dependent. At a certain analysis time, one model may clearly reveal a well-defined beta gyre, but the other models may not. Within one model, the beta gyre may be well defined at some analysis times, but not at other times. The structure of the beta gyre in the analysis field is determined by the nature of the vortex initialization scheme and the model behavior during the 6-h forecast in the operational data assimilation cycle.     

A numerical interpretation of load tests on bored piles

The finite element interpretation is discussed of two load tests carried out on bentonite slurry piles bored in granular soils. The first case concerns a pile belonging to a 12 pile group. An axisymmetric finite element model that reproduces, with reasonable accuracy, the experimental results is developed. The model is then extended to three-dimensional conditions and applied to the analysis of the entire group. The results suggest some comments on the different assumptions that can be adopted in the calculations and on their effects on the global load–settlement curve of the pile group. The second case concerns a load test in which, in addition to the load–settlement data, also the axial strains along the pile were measured through electrical extensometers. The numerical back analyses highlight an apparent contradiction between the two sets of experimental data. On their bases some conclusions are drawn on the possible causes of the observed inconsistency and on the influence of the construction technology on the interaction between the pile tip and the soil underneath it.     

Tephrochronological dating of varved interglacial lake deposits from Piànico‐Sèllere (Southern Alps,Italy) to around 400 ka

The sediment record from the Piànico palaeolake in the southern Alps is continuously varved, spans more than 15 500 years, and represents a key archive for interglacial climate variability at seasonal resolution. The stratigraphic position of the Piànico Interglacial has been controversial in the past. The identification of two volcanic ash layers and their microscopic analysis provides distinct marker layers for tephrochronological dating of these interglacial deposits. In addition to micro‐facies analyses reconstructing depositional processes of both tephra layers within the lake environment, their mineralogical and geochemical composition has been determined through major‐element electron probe micro‐analysis on glass shards. Comparison with published tephra data traced the volcanic source regions of the Piànico tephras to the Campanian volcanic complex of Roccamonfina (Italy) and probably the Puy de Sancy volcano in the French Massif Central. Available dating of near‐vent deposits from the Roccamonfina volcano provides a robust tephrochronological anchor point at around 400 ka for the Piànico Interglacial. These deposits correlate with marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 11 and thus are younger than Early to Middle Pleistocene previously suggested by K/Ar dating and older than the last interglacial as inferred from macrofloral remains and the geological setting. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

强相关干扰的自动追踪消除法

在信号分析中，有一类强相关干扰在频率上与有效信号相近，能量比有效信号更强，通常所用的频率滤波等方法都难以消除干扰，作者在本文中针对这种强相关干扰的特点提出了一种自动追踪消除法，即首先自动追踪相关干扰的方向，然后恢复其能量，再从实际获取的信号中减去相关干扰能量，即可得到所需的有效信号的能量。该方法在几个石油勘探地区的二维和三维地震资料中进行了应用，并获得了成功，作者在文中最后显示了一个地区的试算效果。     

Landslide hazard of slopes of sewage treatment plant lagoons constructed in colluvium deposits

A landslide occurred in colluvial deposits at one of the lagoons of Wadi Es-Sir Sewage Treatment Plant Project (under construction) in Jordan. This paper summarizes the geotechnical investigations conducted at three lagoon sites in the project area including the failed lagoon. Results of stability analyses are presented along with recommendations to stabilize the slided lagoon and surrounding areas.     

北极海冰变化同我国气温相联系的若干统计学分析

本分析了北级海冰覆盖度和我国气温的时空变化特点，并进行了它们之间的统计学分析。结果表明，我国某些地区，若干时段的气温较明显地受到北极海冰的影响。首先对北极海冰面积异常变化的时间尺度进行分析，然后使用经验正交函数展开海冰场和气温场，并对它们的特征进行分析，最后对海冰面积在最大最小年份时，我国气温差值场进行分析。     

宕昌水管倾斜仪测量结果的动态特征研究

介绍了甘肃省宕昌形变台ＦＳＱ型浮于水管倾斜仪１９９０．７～１９９４．３期间的测量结果，分析了该台倾斜固体潮潮汐因子和非潮汐曲线及其残差曲线的动态特征。     

Extraction of sedimentological information via computer-based image analyses of gray shales in carboniferous coal-bearing sections of Indiana and Kansas, USA

Fine-scale fabric within shales can be used to interpret environments of deposition. In particular, systematic variations in lamina thicknesses can be used to suggest the presence or absence of specific sedimentological controlling factors, such as tides. Herein, shale fabric is analyzed from Carboniferous coal-bearing and siliciclastic-rich formations in Indiana and Kansas. The shales exhibit well developed, normally graded lamina. Sediment grain sizes range from silt and sand at the base of the lamina up to silt and clay at the top. Computer-based optical scanning of prepared shale samples was undertaken so that the lamina thicknesses could be extracted automatically and then used for thickness-series analysis. The sands and silts tend to be very light in color because they consist of well sorted, quartz-rich sands. Conversely, the silt and clay that cap the laminae tend to be dark because of the small grain size; such fine-grained layers also contain large amounts of macerated and coalified plant material. Grain size and sedimentological differences within the laminae can be detected by optical properties and this facilitates automated image processing. Extraction of laminae thicknesses and harmonic analyses of laminae-thickness series can then be used to test the reasonability of specific environmental processes, such as tidal forcing, that were operative during the formation of these shales.     

Error analyses of CHAMP data for recovery of the Earth’s gravity field

A preliminary commission error analysis whereby orbit perturbation theory and other techniques are used to assess and predict the recovery of the Earths gravity field from the challenging microsatellite payload (CHAMP) mission is developed and implemented. With CHAMP launched in July 2000, accumulated evidence is now available to quantify the errors in the recovery procedure including the orbital precision from GPS, attitude errors, accelerometer noise and thruster mismatch/misalignment. For the latter, numerical integrations using a variable length single-step Runge–Kutta integrator and a fixed length multi-step method are compared to assess the error associated with assuming that the thruster misalignment can be spread uniformly across a step interval. Error degree variances from simulated studies are compared to results from a recently released CHAMP-based gravity field, EIGEN-1S. It is seen that the orbital positioning, as derived from the onboard GPS receiver, is critical, with accelerometer noise contributing at a lower level. Attitude error, at currently quoted accuracy, is not significant as an error source. AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to thank the UK Natural Environment Research Council (Grant No. NER/A/0000/00612) for financing this study and GFZ for supplying the data and technical support.     

云阳长江公路大桥施工监理测量的内容和技术研究

结合云阳长江公路大桥施工实践,从监理测量的角度,介绍了该桥施工过程中对监理测量工作的要求以及监理测量检测工作的有关技术措施,分析了施工监理测量采取的方法和精度,提供了测量技术保障.