新疆县域农林牧渔业空间差异分析——基于ESDA与GIS方法

应用ESDA并结合标准差指数(S)、变异系数(V)等方法,从空间相关的视角分析新疆各县市农林牧渔业人均产值的空间差异。结果显示:以农林牧渔业人均产值来计算的新疆县域间的农林牧渔业人均产值呈现北疆高于东疆、南疆的空间差异。2003-2012年间:新疆县域农林牧渔业人均产值的空间自相关测度Moran's I呈曲线性增减态势,表明农林牧渔业人均产值的空间集聚性呈曲线性波动,但农林牧渔业人均产值的年增长率逐年上升。从局部自相关分析来看,区域间呈现两个极端化较为明显,说明新疆农林牧渔业人均产值在空间分布上具有不均衡性。     

Dynamics and patterns of land levelling for agricultural reclamation of erosional badlands in Chambal Valley (Madhya Pradesh,India)

Gully and badland erosion constitute important land‐degradation processes with severe on‐site and off‐site effects above all in sedimentary deposits and alluvial soils of the arid and semi‐arid regions. Agricultural use of the affected land is impeded both by the irreversible loss of topsoil and the morphological dissection of the terrain. In various badland regions around the world, a solution to the latter problem is attempted by infilling of gullies and levelling of badland topography in order restore a morphology suitable for agricultural cultivation. Gully and badland levelling for agricultural reclamation has been conducted for decades in the large ravine lands of India. This study aims at analysing the distribution and dynamics of land levelling within the Chambal badlands in Morena district, Madhya Pradesh, between 1971 and 2015. Using high to medium resolution satellite images from the Corona, Landsat, Aster and RapidEye missions and a multi‐temporal classification approach, we have mapped and quantified areas that were newly levelled within eight observation periods. We analysed the spatial relation of levelled land to several physical and socio‐economic factors that potentially influence the choice of reclamation site by employing geographic information system (GIS) analysis methods and results from focus‐group discussions in selected villages. Results show that nearly 38 km² or 23% of the badlands in the study area have been levelled within 45 years. The levelling rate generally increases during the observation period, but the annual variability is high. We have found spatial relationships to badland morphology, vicinity of existing cropland and proximity to villages and drainage lines. From a socio‐economic point of view, availability of financial and technical means, access rights to the badland and ownership issues play an important role. Considering studies on soil degradation caused by levelling of badlands in other regions, the sustainability of the newly reclaimed fields in the Chambal badlands is questionable. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

尼罗河三角洲早—中全新世气候—环境变化对早期农业发展的影响

对尼罗河三角洲平原东北部一个古埃及文化遗址(Kom El-Khilgan)1.5 m长的沉积物剖面KH1开展14C测年、沉积物粒度和孢粉分析.根据岩性、粒度和测年等结果综合判定:剖面150~100 cm地层为早全新世河流相沉积;100~27 cm地层为早、中全新世(8000—4000 cal a BP)三角洲冲积平原沉积,其中涵盖了古埃及前王朝至古王国时期(6500—4131cal a BP)的人类活动信息;27~0 cm为现代表土层.孢粉分析结果反映了在距今8000~4000 a期间:1)研究区气候由湿润过渡为温和,最后趋于干旱;2)随着气候变干,尼罗河上游水文变化对三角洲环境影响减小,研究区由沼泽湿地逐渐过渡为干草甸环境,更多的土地可以被人类利用;3)常被用来指示农业活动的35μm禾本科、陶器碎片和炭屑的出现并逐渐增加,表明该遗址附近的人类农业活动始于距今6500 a左右,并持续至距今4000 a前后.上述证据表明尼罗河三角洲全新世早—中期湿润向干旱过渡的气候驱动了人类农业活动的开展.本研究为进一步探讨尼罗河三角洲古文明对环境适应性研究提供了科学依据.     

中国北方从狩猎采集向农业转变过程的影响因素分析:生产可能性边界模型的解释

农业经济的形成经历了从狩猎采集到农业生产的漫长转变过程,目前关于中国北方农业起源的动因研究还不够。本文通过构建基于生产可能性边界理论的狩猎采集-农业生产方式转换模型,分别探讨了技术、环境、人口因素对于人类生产方式选择的影响。在此基础上分析了中国北方从狩猎采集向农业转变过程的影响因素,认为距今10000年前开始的对禾草类植物的早期利用及之后农业技术的发展,更新世晚期至全新世早期的一系列冷气候事件及地貌演化,以及新石器中晚期人口数量的迅速增加等因素均不同程度加速了中国北方生业模式从狩猎采集向农业转变的过程。

     

浅谈如何做好为农服务类气象节目

文章通过分析农村受众对电视气象节目的心理需求,结合近几年内蒙古气象影视所开展的为农气象服务和自身工作体会,对如何利用影视平台做好为农气象服务进行探讨。     

Globalization, grapes and gender: Women's work in traditional and agro-export production in northern Chile

Recent changes in the global political economy have had dramatic effects on the lives of women as they are incorporated into globalization processes, such as the expansion of agribusiness, in often marginal and unstable ways. However, it is vital to consider how these globalization processes are mediated by women in ways that reflect local geo-historical contexts. This paper explores the expansion of the fruit export sector, land tenure, community organization and female employment in agriculture in northern Chile. Agro-export production has marginalized but not destroyed the small-scale farming sector and large-scale export farms co-exist with small-scale domestically-orientated farms. Female labour has been very important in the success of fresh fruit exports and many rural women negotiate both waged work in the fruit export economy and unwaged work on family farms. The paper explores the women's perceptions of agricultural work and how these relate to their identities as unpaid workers on the family farm and as waged workers in the agro-export sector. The paper thus attempts to explore the multiplicity of ways that women experience rapid changes in the agrarian sector and how these changes relate to the maintenance of more 'traditional'practices and identities.     

冬小麦水分耗散特性与农业节水

本文根据中国科学院禹城综合试验站１９８６年－１９９６年蒸渗仪农田水分模拟试验资料统计；冬小麦全生育期耗水量可达４８２．５ｍｍ，缺水率可达６９．３％；冬小麦全生育不分耗散过程有两个明显的需水峰区和３个关键需水期，为实施节水灌溉提供了实验依据；冬小麦耗水量与环境因子有明显的相关关系，其统计规律可供地下水浅埋区区域灌溉预测参照应用。     

松嫩平原西部盐碱湿地农业的范例:苇-鱼-蟹-菌模式

湿地农业发展历史悠久,是世界农业文化遗产的重要组成部分,也是人类农业文明的见证.湿地农业随着社会发展,不断调整和适应,形成不同的功能类型和产业模式.以松嫩平原西部盐碱湿地苇-鱼-蟹-菌模式为例,凝练了湿地生态恢复和资源合理利用的关键技术,分析了该模式显著的生态和经济效益,总结了该模式逐渐形成和发展的经验,提出了未来湿地...     

南方丘陵山区现代农业可持续发展模式研究

从区域农业可持续发展的观点和农业生态系统的原理出发，认为促进南方丘陵山区现代农业可持续发展具有巨大的经济、生态和政治意义，提出了“以生态为基础，以科技为主导”的“生态 现代生产 现代经营管理 现代科技 现代市场体系”的可持续发展模式。     

海南省三亚市的生态环境建设

三亚市位于海南岛最南部，具有得天独厚的生态环境优势。近20年来，生态环境建设虽取得初步成效，但问题也较突出，如林业尚存隐患，耕地锐减，水域受蚕食和局部环境恶化，城市绿化美化不足等。生态环境建设面临的任务主要是：合理布局城镇，建设具有经济－生态良性循环的城乡体系；完善林业生态体系建设，建成强有力的陆地生态支柱；保护好水体环境，搞好碧水工程建设；保护耕地、保证农业持续发展；整治环境，提高环境质量。为此必须采取相应措施。