Wavelet-vaguelette decomposition of spatiotemporal random fields

A wavelet-based orthogonal decomposition of the solution to stochastic differential/pseudodifferential equations of parabolic type is derived in the cases of random initial conditions and random forcing. The family of spatiotemporal models considered can represent anomalous diffusion processes when the spatial operator involved is a fractional or multifractional pseudodifferential operator. The results obtained are applied to the generation of the sample paths of Gaussian spatiotemporal random fields in the family studied.     

1971-2015年北疆地区不同等级冷空气时空统计特征分析

选取北疆50个测站1971-2015年的逐日平均气温和最低气温资料,运用小波分析、M-K突变检验等统计方法分析了北疆地区不同等级冷空气活动过程的时空变化特征。分析表明：近45年北疆地区冷空气活动持续日数在1～15d,平均持续日数为1.79 d。其中弱冷空气过程持续日数以1～2 d为主;中等强度冷空气、较强冷空气和寒潮过程以1～3 d为主;而强冷空气过程以2～4 d为主。近45年北疆单站冷空气发生频次为95.3次/a,且具有盆地多、山地少的特点;其中中等强度冷空气为11.8次/a,自东向西逐渐减少;弱冷空气、较强冷空气发生频次为70.9次/a、1.8次/a,呈自西南向东北逐渐减少的趋势;强冷空气和寒潮发生频次为4.2次/a 、7.3次/a,呈现由西南向东北增加趋势。近45年北疆地区冷空气活动频次总体呈减少趋势,年代际表现为先减少后增加的特点, 70年代最多,90年代最少,减少速率为0.33/10a;弱冷空气和较强冷空气呈增加趋势,增加速率为0.17/10a和0.03/10a;中等强度冷空气、强冷空气和寒潮活动频次呈下降趋势,其中寒潮的下降速率达-0.37/10a;不同等级冷空气活动频次均存在一个15-20a的显著周期,突变点出现在1980、2003年左右。     

Diagnosing the spatiotemporal diversity of westerly wind events in the tropical Pacific

Westerly Wind Events (WWEs) over the tropical Pacific are characterized by their spatiotemporal diversity and classified into six types based on their different locations and durations. Various types of WWEs exhibit quite different characteristics in terms of their amplitudes. The long events with a 10–30-day duration are stronger than the short events with a 6–10-day duration, and the maximum amplitudes of the Central-Pacific (C) type and Eastern-Pacific (E) type of long events are larger than the Western-Pacific (W) type of long ones. The evolutions of these six types of WWEs are also quite different. The W-type short and long events and the C-type long events show a distinct eastward propagation, whereas the C-type short events and the E-type short and long events have no apparent propagation direction. We demonstrate that such a difference in the eastward propagation of WWEs can be significantly associated with the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO). The W-type events are more influenced heavily by the MJO, as indicated by their more distinct eastward propagation patterns, than the two other types of WWEs. In addition to the MJO, the convectively coupled Kelvin waves are also associated with the WWEs, especially for the short events.     

平潭大屿岛上台湾相思长势的时空差异性

为了探讨台湾相思群落生长发育与气候特征的关系,选用11个位于大屿靠海一侧不同地点的台湾相思群落研究对象。通过2016年4—12月对台湾相思标记枝条的生长状况进行长期监测。观测结果表明:11个样点受盐害叶片占比为1.16%~51.48%,受虫害叶片占比为30.27%~59.78%。植株大多受到盐害与虫害的干扰,花数量和花蕾数量处于一个较低的水平。由植物生长状况与气候特征的相关性结果可知,风向和风力随月份变化而变化,12月风力最高达5.93m/s。月份和风向与受盐害叶片占比、受虫害叶片占比均呈现极显著相关性。在开展海岛植被生态修复时,需要注重冬季养护、病虫害防治和筛选抗风、耐盐雾的海岛适生物种。     

鹤岗煤矿区地面沉降时空特征InSAR时间序列监测研究

随着煤矿资源的开采,鹤岗地区地面沉降现象逐渐加剧。以鹤岗煤矿区作为研究对象,收集2019年8月31日—2021年8月20日的59景Sentinel-1B SAR影像,采用SBAS时间序列InSAR技术提取煤矿开采引起的地面沉降。对鹤岗煤矿区地面沉降在空间上的演化过程进行分析,重点研究了鹤岗南部富力煤矿、兴安煤矿和峻德煤矿地表形变的时空演化特征,结果表明:鹤岗煤矿区的地面沉降呈现出不均匀、漏斗式的运动特征,提取的19个沉降漏斗全部对应鹤岗煤田开采区,最大形变位于新陆煤矿开采区,形变速率约370mm/a。在研究期内,自相对于第一景影像的沉降漏斗形成后,后续矿井开采沉降漏斗的空间形态基本保持不变。鹤岗南部富力煤矿和兴安煤矿4号形变点所在工作面的地表形变仍然处于快速下沉状态,有必要持续跟踪。     

Hybrid spatiotemporal simulation of future changes in open wetlands: A study of the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region,Québec,Canada

Among the most productive ecosystems around the world, wetlands support a wide range of biodiversity such as waterfowl, fish, amphibians, plants and many other species. They also provide ecosystem services that play important roles in relation to nutrient cycling, climate mitigation and adaptation, as well as food security. In this research, we examined and projected the spatiotemporal trends of change in open wetlands by coupling logistic regression, Markov chain methods and a multi-objective land allocation model into a hybrid geosimulation model. To study the changes in open wetlands we used multi-temporal land cover information interpreted from LANDSAT images (1985, 1995, and 2005). We predicted future spatial distributions of open wetlands in the administrative region of Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Quebec, Canada for 2015, 2025, 2035, 2045 and 2055. A comparison and assessment of the model’s outcomes were performed using map-comparison techniques as well as landscape metrics. Change analysis between 1985 and 2005 showed an increase of about 63% in open wetlands, while simulation results indicated that this tendency would persist into 2055 with a continuous augmentation of open wetlands in the region. The spatial distribution of predicted trends in open wetlands could provide support to local biodiversity assessments, management and conservation planning of the open wetlands in Quebec, Canada.     

全球海气系统年代际突变时空特征的模拟评估

文中评估了5个耦合模式对1880年至今全球海气系统的年平均年代际突变时空特征的模拟能力。19世纪80年代—20世纪90年代,评估了耦合模式对海表温度(SST)和海平面气压(SLP)的年代际突变水平分布的模拟能力;20世纪70—90年代,评估了耦合模式对70、80和90年代这3次年代际突变大气的四维时空特征的模拟。结果表明,在上述2个时段中,5个耦合模式对SST场中年代际突变分布最主要的空间分布型——太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)没有抓住,可能导致了对SST年代际突变的空间分布的模拟能力较差,也没有模拟出SLP年代际突变的行星及其以上尺度的空间结构。20世纪70—90年代,在对流层中,UKMO-HadGEM1模式较好地模拟出了70年代的热带地区500 hPa气温和位势高度,80年代极地SLP,90年代南、北副热带气温和500 hPa气温的年代际突变的空间分布。GFDL-CM2.1模式部分模拟出了90年代的SST和500 hPa温度场突变的水平分布。其余模式中也有行星及以上尺度的年代际突变发生,虽然所模拟出来的突变的时间和空间分布与实际差异都较大,但说明这些模式可以模拟出大尺度气候系统年代际突变,其中包含的物理过程还有待于进一步的研究。在平流层,肖栋(2008年)指出1994年平流层的降温突变可能是1991年Pinatubo火山爆发所造成的臭氧减少导致的。其中,GFDL-CM2.1和ECHAM5/MPI-OM模式较好地模拟出了平流层在1994年的降温突变,CCSM3和UKMO-HadGEM1模式部分模拟出了平流层的变冷突变,而FGC)ALS-g1.0模式没有模拟出来。分析表明,这可能是FGOALS-g1.0模式没有考虑火山灰或者臭氧的作用所致。     

珠江三角洲对流层气溶胶时空变化特征分析

利用AERONET资料对珠三角地区气溶胶物理性质特征进行分析,建立珠三角地区的气溶胶模型,在此基础上,根据RT3 辐射传输模型构建矢量查找表,采用多角度偏振方法从PARASOL L1B数据反演得到细模态气溶胶光学厚度(AOD),最后采用2007-2009年MODIS总的AOD产品和本文的细模态AOD三年的反演结果分析了珠三角地区气溶胶的时间变化和空间分布特征,为深入研究珠三角地区污染物的局地排放和输送提供了条件.结果表明:(1)珠三角地区对流层气溶胶呈双峰型对数正态分布,其中细粒子平均半径主要集中在0.05~0.1,标准方差以0.5、0.6为主,粗粒子平均半径以0.9、1.0为主,标准方差为0.6、0.7,复折射指数实部以1.4、1.5 居多,虚部以0、0.01为主,细粒子所占比例大于70%,珠三角气溶胶呈现出粗颗粒物和细颗粒物并存的特征;(2)PARASOL业务算法中的气溶胶模型在珠三角地区有较大的局限性,引入当地气溶胶模型使细模态AOD的反演精度较卫星产品有了很大提高,细模态AOD主要反映了珠三角地区二次污染的强度;(3)珠三角地区总AOD值春季较大,秋夏季次之,冬季较小,并呈现逐年较小的趋势;(4)珠三角地区细模态AOD也在逐年降低,2009年细模态AOD年均值比2007年低了0.02,在空间分布上,高值地区主要集中在广州、佛山、中山等城市.     

Big Data and cloud computing: innovation opportunities and challenges

ABSTRACT

Big Data has emerged in the past few years as a new paradigm providing abundant data and opportunities to improve and/or enable research and decision-support applications with unprecedented value for digital earth applications including business, sciences and engineering. At the same time, Big Data presents challenges for digital earth to store, transport, process, mine and serve the data. Cloud computing provides fundamental support to address the challenges with shared computing resources including computing, storage, networking and analytical software; the application of these resources has fostered impressive Big Data advancements. This paper surveys the two frontiers – Big Data and cloud computing – and reviews the advantages and consequences of utilizing cloud computing to tackling Big Data in the digital earth and relevant science domains. From the aspects of a general introduction, sources, challenges, technology status and research opportunities, the following observations are offered: (i) cloud computing and Big Data enable science discoveries and application developments; (ii) cloud computing provides major solutions for Big Data; (iii) Big Data, spatiotemporal thinking and various application domains drive the advancement of cloud computing and relevant technologies with new requirements; (iv) intrinsic spatiotemporal principles of Big Data and geospatial sciences provide the source for finding technical and theoretical solutions to optimize cloud computing and processing Big Data; (v) open availability of Big Data and processing capability pose social challenges of geospatial significance and (vi) a weave of innovations is transforming Big Data into geospatial research, engineering and business values. This review introduces future innovations and a research agenda for cloud computing supporting the transformation of the volume, velocity, variety and veracity into values of Big Data for local to global digital earth science and applications.     

Spatiotemporal long-term trends of extreme wind characteristics over the Black Sea

In this study, long-term change of wind characteristics on the Black Sea has been investigated using two widely used data sources, i.e., European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA-Interim and National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (NCEP/CFSR), spanning 40 years between 1979 and 2018. Spatial and seasonal variability of climatic features such as the wind speed, direction, number and duration of storms, and wind power density are discussed. Wind climate is characterized by strong, durable and stable winds in the northern and western Black Sea, and relatively weak, short-lived and highly-variable winds in the eastern Black Sea. These long-term wind patterns indicate that the eastern part of the basin is likely to be subjected to the impacts of climate change. Long-term stable and strong wind conditions in the southwest part indicate reliable, persistent and sustainable wind energy potential. Long-term and seasonal variation of wind power density (WPD) at 110 m altitude over the Black Sea is investigated. There is a significant difference in WPD values between winter and summer seasons, with around 2.8 times larger WPD in winter than that in summer. In the western Black Sea, narrow confidence intervals observed in each season indicate a low level of variation during a season and ensures stable wind power conditions.