层次分析及 GIS空间分析在矿山岩溶塌陷预测评估中的应用--以某大理石矿为例

以某大理石矿矿山地质环境调查资料为基础,通过对矿山岩溶塌陷的机理分析,采用层次分析法,选取地下水活动、覆盖层特征、岩溶发育程度和人类活动强度四个方面,共6个评价指标,建立某大理石矿岩溶塌陷预测评估体系。在确定各评价指标权重和各评价因子分级标准的基础上,以 MAPGIS 空间分析作为数据处理工具和系统运行平台,生成某大理石矿岩溶塌陷易发性分区图。     

2010年4月14日玉树地震滑坡空间分布与控制变量分析

2010年4月14日07时49分,青藏高原中部,青海省玉树县发生了Ms7.1级大地震(玉树地震).震后遥感影像目视解译与实地调查结果表明,本次地震触发了2036处滑坡,总面积约1.194km2,这些滑坡大概分布在一个面积约1455.3km2的矩形区域内.本文分别使用滑坡数量与滑坡面积这2个标准,对玉树地震滑坡的地震控制...     

川中高石梯-磨溪地区震旦系灯影组碳酸盐岩岩石类型及分布规律

四川盆地川中地区震旦系气藏储量规模大,储层分布面积广。在Folk(1959)碳酸盐岩分类方案与张荫本等(1996)对粘结岩分类方案研究的基础之上,结合四川盆地震旦系灯影组的具体情况,提出新的划分方案。研究表明:(1)高石梯-磨溪地区震旦系灯影组碳酸盐岩岩石类型可分为3个亚类,10个微类。该方案不同之处在于把凝块(石)云岩归位颗粒岩,同时根据藻的形态把藻云岩进一步细分;(2)沉积岩类的发育和分布受沉积层序的控制。海侵体系域(TST)沉积阶段,以泥-粉晶云岩、微生物岩等正化学岩沉积为主。高位体系域(HST)沉积阶段,以凝块云岩、砂屑云岩等异化颗粒岩沉积为主。纵向上,岩性具有从暗色泥晶云岩→藻云岩→颗粒云岩→浅色泥晶云岩演化的特征,即泻湖亚相→藻丘亚相→颗粒滩亚相→台坪亚相的规律;(3)凝块云岩、砂屑云岩等颗粒岩是主要的储集岩类;(4)灯影组碳酸盐岩不同岩类的发育和分布对储层的发育起到控制作用。对灯影组的油气勘探,除了对岩溶作用的研究之外,还需要重视沉积古地貌、岩相展布特征的分析,有助于有效的预测灯影组储层"甜点区"。     

The effects of gas flaring on crops in the Niger Delta,Nigeria

Flaring of associated gas from oil exploitation has several consequences on the environment. This study explores the spatial variability effects of gas flaring on the growth and development of cassava (Manihot esculenta), waterleaf (Talinum triangulare), and pepper (Piper spp.) crops commonly cultivated in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Data was collected on soil and atmospheric temperature and moisture at a 20-m interval, starting at 40 m from the flare point to a distance of 140 m. Lengths and widths of crop leaves, height of crop plants and cassava yields were measured at the specified distances. The amino acid, ascorbic acid, starch, and sugar constituents of the cassava yields were determined. The results suggest that a spatial gradient exists in the effects of gas flares on crop development. Retardation in crop development manifests in decreased dimensions of leaf lengths and widths of cassava and pepper crops closer to the gas flare point. Statistical analysis also confirms that cassava yields are higher at locations further away from the flare point. In addition, the amount of starch and ascorbic acid in cassava decreased when the plant is grown closer to the gas flare. High temperatures around the gas flare appear to be the most likely cause of this retardation. The waterleaf crop, on the other hand, appears to thrive better around the gas flare point.     

Towards models of strategic spatial choice behaviour: theory and application issues

Models of spatial choice behaviour have been around in geography urban planning for decades to assess the feasibility of planning actions or to predict external (competition) effects on existing destinations. Although these models differ in terms of complexity and key concepts, they all have in common that spatial choice behaviour is predicted as a function of the attributes of the choice alternatives and distance or travel time separation only. None of these models do take into account that the attributes of choice alternatives and travel time may be highly non-stationary and that often the utility that people derive from visiting a particular location also depends on the choice behaviour of other individuals. Under these circumstances, individuals may exhibit strategic choice behaviour. That is, they will choose particular choice options taking into account their expected behaviour of others such as to maximize their own utility. The purpose of the proposed paper is to discuss possible models of strategic choice behaviour for these urban planning problems. Theory will be outlined and some critical issues in the application of such models to problems of spatial choice will be discussed.     

Strip Transect Sampling to Estimate Object Abundance in Homogeneous and Non-homogeneous Poisson Fields: a Simulation Study of the Effects of Changing Transect Width and Number

This paper investigates the use of strip transect sampling to estimate object abundance when the underlying spatial distribution is assumed to be Poisson. A design-based rather than model-based approach to estimation is investigated through computer simulation, with both homogeneous and non-homogeneous fields representing individual realizations of spatial point processes being considered. Of particular interest are the effects of changing the number of transects and transect width (or alternatively, coverage percent or fraction) on the quality of the estimate. A specific application to the characterization of unexploded ordnance (UXO) in the subsurface at former military firing ranges is discussed. The results may be extended to the investigation of outcrop characteristics as well as subsurface geological features.     

煤中有害物质及其对环境的影响研究进展

综述了煤中有害物质的种类、分布赋存特征及对环境的影响研究进展。探讨了煤中黄铁矿的形态、世代交替、有机硫的结构及煤中硫的地质成因。阐述了煤中微量元素的种类、地质分布、赋存状态、迁移聚集机制及其环境危害。并对煤及燃煤产物中多环芳烃的种类、赋存规律及对环境和人类健康的危害进行了详细阐述。最后指出了煤中有害物质研究中存在的问题与发展趋势。     

基于空间信息网格（SIG）的矿产资源评价

随着GIS的普及和深化,空间信息的大数据量、高复杂性和难共享的问题对其研究和应用提出了新的挑战.空间信息网格（Spatial Information Grid,SIG）作为创新性的网络空间信息基础设施和技术体系,为解决这些问题提供了新的契机.本文在给出SIG基本定义和基本特征的基础上,就如何实现基于SIG的矿产资源评价进行了有益的探索和实践,并取得了很好的效果,为矿产资源评价提供了新的方法和思路.     

城市人口分布空间自相关的功率谱分析

从理论上可以证明标准的城市人口密度负指数距离衰减模型本质上是一种空间相关函数,基于这种思想对Clark模型进行Fourier变换,可以导出城市人口密度的幂次频谱分布,且功率谱指数理应为β=2±。负指数与幂指数的这种变换关系暗示了城市地理系统简单与复杂的辩证关系。借助中国杭州市4年的人口普查资料转换的平均人口密度分布数据对上述推论进行检验,发现β渐进式趋近于2但并不约等于2。将β值进一步换算为人口过程的分维D和Hurst指数H,结果表明：城市人口具有长程负相关作用,但这种空间作用显示明确的局域化倾向。目前的城市形态演化模拟几乎无一例外地引入了长程作用,根据杭州人口分布的局域化特征,有关地理长程作用的假设和应用有必要重新探讨。     

汶川地震诱发大型滑坡分布规律研究

2008年5 12汶川地震由于其超常的地震动力,触发了数百处大型滑坡灾害。本文以遥感解译所获取的汶川地震区112处面积大于50000m2大型滑坡的基本信息为基础,结合代表性大型滑坡实例的现场调绘,对汶川地震诱发大型滑坡的发育分布规律进行了较系统的研究。结果表明,汶川地震大型滑坡分布除表现出与汶川地震诱发区域性地质灾害类似的分布规律之外,因主要源于发震断层瞬间大幅度错动的直接地震动力引发的大型滑坡,其发育分布及滑动、运动方式还表现出自身的特点,具体可归结为以下几种效应: (1)距离效应:约80%的大型滑坡集中分布于发震断裂地表破裂带两侧5km的范围内,距离越远,滑坡分布数量越少; (2)锁固段效应:汶川地震诱发的大型滑坡主要集中分布在与发震断裂的交叉、错列、转换部位及NE段末端等5个集中区段。其中,红白-茶坪段是大型滑坡最为集中发育段,不仅滑坡数量多,而且规模大,汶川地震诱发的最大两处滑坡均分布于此段。其次为断裂NE段末端的南坝-东河口段,该段大型滑坡密集发育,东河口滑坡和窝前滑坡等大型滑坡均出露于此段; (3)上下盘效应:绝大多数(70%)大型滑坡都位于活动断裂的上盘,存在明显的上下盘效应; (4)方向效应:在与发震断裂带近于垂直的沟谷斜坡中,在地震波传播的背坡面一侧的滑坡发育密度明显大于迎坡面一侧,存在背坡面效应。同时,大型滑坡的滑动及运动方向还与各区段断层的错动方向有一定的相关性。在断层活动以右旋走滑为主的青川境内,有相当数量的滑坡表现出向NE方向滑动和运动的特点。