Geodetic control on recent tectonic movements in the central Mediterranean area

During the Neogene and Quaternary, the western Mediterranean geodynamics was apparently dominated by the nearly eastward migration of the Apenninic arc and the associated opening (spreading) of the back-arc basin (Tyrrhenian Sea). However, during the last 5 My, the collision of the arc with the Apulian platform led to a dramatic change in the tectonic setting of the area. As geological processes require a long period of time to register the displacements of the different blocks, it is indispensable to take into account the present-day motion given by space geodesy data analysis in order to better constrain the geological models.Geodetic motions were derived from Global Positioning System (GPS), Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) and Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations collected from different networks. All the geodetic solutions have been computed and combined at the Centre of Space Geodesy (CGS), at Matera, Italy.The geodetic results show a NNE motion of the Adriatic plate with a small component of counter-clockwise rotation, in good agreement with the geological and geophysical observations.In the southern Tyrrhenian area, the lengthening of the Matera–Cagliari baseline should imply that convergence cannot be considered as the driving mechanism for the Apenninic subduction process. The estimated motion of Noto is in quite good agreement with the estimated motion of the African plate.     

Crustal deformation in the northern Andes – A new GPS velocity field

We present a velocity field for northwestern South America and the southwest Caribbean based on GPS Continuously Operating Reference Stations in Colombia, Panama, Ecuador and Venezuela. This paper presents the first comprehensive model of North Andean block (NAB) motion. We estimate that the NAB is moving to the northeast (060°) at a rate of 8.6 mm/yr relative to the South America plate. The NAB vector can be resolved into a margin-parallel (035°) component of 8.1 mm/yr rigid block motion and a margin-normal (125°) component of 4.3 mm/yr. This present-day margin-normal shortening rate across the Eastern Cordillera (EC) of Colombia is surprising in view of paleobotanical, fission-track, and seismic reflection data that suggest rapid uplift (7 km) and shortening (120 km) in the last 10 Ma. We propose a “broken indenter” model for the Panama-Choco arc, in which the Choco arc has been recently accreted to the NAB, resulting in a rapid decrease in shortening in the EC. The Panama arc is colliding eastward with the NAB at approximately 15–18 mm/yr, and the Panama-Choco collision may have been responsible for much of the uplift of the EC. The present on-going collision poses a major earthquake hazard in northwestern Colombia from the Panama border to Medellin area. Since the northeastward margin-parallel motion of the NAB is now greater than the rate of shortening in the EC, northeast trending right-lateral strike-slip faulting is the primary seismic hazard for the 8 million inhabitants of Bogota, the capital city of Colombia. There continues to be a high risk of a great megathrust earthquakes in southern Colombia along the Ecuador-Colombia trench. Trench earthquakes have only released a fraction of the energy accumulated in the Ecuador-Colombia trench since the 1906 Ecuador earthquake, and interseismic strain is accumulating rapidly at least as far north as Tumaco, the rupture area of the 1979 earthquake.     

Spreading change of Africa–South America plate: insights from space geodetic observations

The results derived from geological data show that the half-spreading rate between the African and South American plates has remained relatively constant at 2 cm/year over the past 80 million years (Silver et al. in Science 279:60–63, 1998). In this paper, we have reestimated a new relative angular velocity of Africa–South America plates using the selected space geodetic station data through a new method. Our angular velocity estimates the spreading rates of Africa–South America plate over several years that are similar in azimuth but significantly slower in rate than the NUVEL-1A predictions averaged over the past 3 million years. The implied rates of deceleration coincide with longer-term trends over the past 35 million years and may reflect the effects of plate interaction and coupling of Africa–South America plates. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Claiming space and community: rural women’s strategies for living with, and beyond, fear

Following the well-established literature on women’s fear in urban contexts, a small but important literature has also begun to document accounts of boldness, fearlessness and empowerment. We extend this work by considering ways in which women live with, and beyond, experiences of fear. We argue that fear and fearlessness are not discrete and separate states, but rather they are often simultaneous conditions that women negotiate in complex ways. Moving away from a sense of victims and passivity, we suggest that women have spatial and social strategies that can be adopted when they face fear or take up forms of action that might be termed ‘bold’ or ‘courageous’. Consequently, this work draws on Koskela’s [Gender, Place and Culture 4 (1997) 301] previous discussion of ‘bold women’ in Finland to develop a notion of agency and highlight strategies that some rural women adopt in New Zealand.     

辽东玉隆铅锌矿田控矿构造特征与深部赋矿空间分析

辽东玉隆铅锌矿田处于辽吉古裂谷西端中央地带,是区域上重要的铅锌成矿带。区内含矿母岩-大石桥组三段条带状透闪白云石大理岩发育,铅锌矿床成因类型为沉积-变质热液再造矿床,控矿构造为F1次级褶皱、F2褶皱转折端和褶皱翼部剪切滑动角砾岩带。文章提出区内存在类似检德铅锌矿床如云硐二期向斜的大褶皱转折端,论述了玉隆至烟囱砬子至响水沟二期向斜一线距地表600～1500m空间存在铅锌矿工业矿体的地质依据。     

基于空间句法-GIS的城市轨道交通供需特征研究——以杭州市为例

在轨道交通网建设初期,交通换乘设施与产业的布局直接关系到各站点的运营与使用效率,选择合理的评价方式,在空间上正确评判其供需水平,能为进一步的规划设计提供科学依据。本文以杭州轨道交通一号线为例,通过空间句法模型,为已投入运营的31个站点的空间整合度进行定量化分析研究：在轨道交通站点可达性评价的基础上,应用GIS—AHP方法,整合现状资料,得出轨道交通需求空间分布特征：结合现状调研资料,阐述空间整合度与交通需求相互作用的机制,进一步讨论杭州轨道交通一号线换乘设施布置的策略,对其未来发展提出建议。     

Photometric mapping of Asteroid (4) Vesta’s southern hemisphere with Hubble Space Telescope

We present the surface mapping of the southern hemisphere of Asteroid (4) Vesta obtained from Hubble Space Telescope (HST). From 105 images of Vesta through four filters in the wavelengths best to characterize the 1-μm pyroxene band, we constructed albedo and color-ratio maps of Vesta. These new maps cover latitudes −50° to +20°. The southern hemisphere of Vesta displays more diverse albedo and color features than the northern hemisphere, with about 15 new albedo and color features identified. The overall longitudinal albedo and color variations in the southern hemisphere are comparable with that of the northern hemisphere, with a range of about ±20% and ±10%, respectively. The eastern hemisphere is brighter and displays more diogenitic minerals than the western hemisphere. Correlations between 1-μm band depth and band width, as well as between 1-μm band depth and albedo, are present on a global scale, attributed to pyroxene composition variations. The lack of correlations between albedo and the spectral slope indicates the absence of globalized space weathering. The lack of a global correlation between 1-μm band depth and topography suggests that the surface composition of Vesta is not completely controlled by a single impact. The distribution of compositional variation on Vesta suggests a possible large impact basin. Evidence of space weathering is found in regions, including the bright rim of the south-pole crater where the steepest gravitational slope on Vesta is, and a dark area near a gravitationally flat area. We propose to divide the surface of Vesta into six geological units different from the background according to their 1-μm absorption features and spectral slopes, including two eucrite-rich units, a low-Ca eucrite unit, a diogenite-rich unit, a space weathered unit, and a freshly exposed unit. No evidence of olivine-rich area is present in these data.     

大地电磁资料的灵敏度研究

本文研究了大地电磁资料对地球电性结构模型参数的灵敏度,它在反演解释中具有重要意义.通过研究均匀半空间中视电导率资料的灵敏度函数与计算分析实际观测资料的Fréchet导数和斜率表明,视电导率资料的灵敏度在地表最大,从地表向下呈指数衰减,频率愈高,电导率愈大,衰减也愈快.视电阻率资料和阻抗相位资料对高频、浅层和低阻层具有更高的灵敏度,几何参数的平均灵敏度高于电性参数的平均灵敏度,通常阻抗相位资料比视电阻率资料更灵敏.同时,根据阻抗实部定义的视电阻率与Kunetz定义的时间域大地电磁响应,反映地层电性差异的灵敏度最高. 文章还指出,在实际的反演解释中,如何正确有效地应用阻抗相位资料,提高分辨能力,仍是急待解决的问题.     

消费因素影响下广州市大型百货商店的发展

大型百货商店的发展受多方面的综合作用 ,消费因素是其中的一个重要因素。城市基本消费结构和消费者行为规律对大型百货商店的选址、市场定位、空间拓展等有着举足轻重的影响。论文通过实际问卷调查 ,对广州市整体消费结构和消费的空间差异进行分析 ,对商店在业态和空间方面的发展提出借鉴性的建议     

昆明城市居民的游憩活动空间研究

以昆明市为案例地,通过问卷调查,从城市居民的游憩空间及相关影响因素分析了城市居民游憩空间的一般规律,建立了昆明城市居民的游憩空间模型,提出了城市游憩设施与规划建议.研究表明,昆明城市居民主要的游憩空间是近中距离的游憩度假地;可以划分为主要游憩空间和辅助性游憩空间;昆明城市居民的经济属性、年龄属性与居民的游憩活动空间具有相关性.