松辽盆地南部长岭断陷区深层构造特征与天然气聚集

在充分利用二维地震大剖面、三维地震资料以及钻/测井信息的基础上,结合高精度重、磁、电信息,系统地解剖了长岭断陷的区域地质结构,认为长岭断陷区为非单一简单断陷,而是由多个主次断陷组成的复式断陷群,且与北部的古龙断陷连为一体。在连片工业制图的基础上,进行了构造单元及区带划分,分析了主要断裂的几何学及运动学特征,认为乾安断裂、前神字井断裂、黑帝庙断裂、孤西断裂、孤店断裂、大安断裂、哈尔金断裂与顾家店-伏龙泉断裂控制了长岭断陷的地层发育及断陷结构,其中乾安断裂、前神字井断裂、黑帝庙断裂为最主要的控凹断裂。研究了断陷构造演化,将其分为断陷基底形成期、断陷发育期及断陷改造期等3个阶段。在油气地质条件分析基础上,研究了不同类型天然气的成藏特征,认为深层烃类气为煤型气,主要来自受断陷沉积控制的沙河子组和火石岭组,深层二氧化碳气为无机成因,主要来源于深层地幔,同时指出了有利勘探方向。     

库车坳陷-南天山盆山过渡带的收缩构造变形模式

用地面露头、地震和CEMP(连续电磁剖面法)勘探资料揭示的库车坳陷-南天山盆山过渡带构造变形特征难以用经典的“A型俯冲”冲断褶皱楔变形模型来解释,因而文中提出一种“分层变形、垂向叠置”的“非俯冲”收缩构造解释模型。所谓分层变形是指受古近系膏盐岩层和侏罗系含煤地层等软弱岩层分隔,不同深度的岩层发育不同的收缩变形样式;所谓垂向叠置是指不同层次的强变形带在垂向上叠置,不存在区域性大位移的拆离断层。位于盐岩层之上的新生界以滑脱褶皱变形为主,而盐下层的中生界沉积层及盆地基底则以收缩断裂变形为主。浅部的滑脱褶皱表现出紧闭背斜和宽缓向斜组合,背斜具有不对称形态,其核部在古近系盐岩层或侏罗系含煤地层中滑脱,可在陡翼发育破冲断层或缓翼发育顺层滑脱逆冲断层。深层断裂变形以向山脉倾斜的高角度基底卷入逆冲断层为主干断层,断层上盘形成冲断隆起,次级断层相对较少,下盘则发育一系列同向倾斜的次级逆冲断层构成楔状叠瓦冲断构造。深层断层向上延伸在古近系盐岩层中尖灭,部分次级断层向下延伸并在侏罗系含煤地层中或盆地基底面滑脱,但是主干逆冲断层高角度切入基底,向上则对应于浅层背斜的核部。基底卷入的高角度主干逆冲断层可能利用了先存正断层发生反转位移,并成为控制局部构造变形的主要构造要素。天山上升引起的垂直剪切作用是导致库车坳陷-南天山盆山过渡带发育高角度逆冲断层或促成先存正断层的反转的可能原因。     

Phytoplankton biomass size structure and its regulation in the Southern Yellow Sea (China): Seasonal variability

Phytoplankton size structure plays a significant role in controlling the carbon flux of marine pelagic ecosystems. The mesoscale distribution and seasonal variation of total and size-fractionated phytoplankton biomass in surface waters, as measured by chlorophyll a (Chl a), was studied in the Southern Yellow Sea using data from four cruises during 2006–2007. The distribution of Chl a showed a high degree of spatial and temporal variation in the study area. Chl a concentrations were relatively high in the summer and autumn, with a mean of 1.42 and 1.27 mg m⁻³, respectively. Conversely, in the winter and spring, the average Chl a levels were only 0.98 and 0.99 mg m⁻³. Total Chl a showed a clear decreasing gradient from coastal areas to the open sea in the summer, autumn and winter cruises. Patches of high Chl a were observed in the central part of the Southern Yellow Sea in the spring due to the onset of the phytoplankton bloom. The eutrophic coastal waters contributed at least 68% of the total phytoplankton biomass in the surface layer. Picophytoplankton showed a consistent and absolute dominance in the central region of the Southern Yellow Sea (>40%) in all of the cruises, while the proportion of microphytoplankton was the highest in coastal waters. The relative proportions of pico- and nanophytoplankton decreased with total biomass, whereas the proportion of the micro-fraction increased with total biomass. Relationships between phytoplankton biomass and environmental factors were also analysed. The results showed that the onset of the spring bloom was highly dependent on water column stability. Phytoplankton growth was limited by nutrient availability in the summer due to the strong thermocline. The combined effects of P-limitation and vertical mixing in the autumn restrained the further increase of phytoplankton biomass in the surface layer. The low phytoplankton biomass in winter was caused by vertical dispersion due to intense mixing. Compared with the availability of nutrients, temperature did not seem to cause direct effects on phytoplankton biomass and its size structure. Although interactions of many different environmental factors affected phytoplankton distributions, hydrodynamic conditions seemed to be the dominant factor. Phytoplankton size structure was determined mainly by the size-differential capacity in acquiring resource. Short time scale events, such as the spring bloom and the extension of Yangtze River plume, can have substantial influences, both on the total Chl a concentration and on the size structure of the phytoplankton.     

Late Quaternary deformation on the island on Pantelleria: New constraints for the recent tectonic evolution of the Sicily Channel Rift (southern Italy)

Structural observations carried out on the volcanic Island of Pantelleria show that the tectonic setting is dominated by NNE trending normal faults and by NW-striking right-lateral strike-slip faults with normal component of motion controlled by a ≈N 100°E oriented extension. This mode of deformation also controls the development of the eruptive fissures, dykes and eruptive centres along NNE–SSW belts that may thus represent the surface response to crustal cracking with associated magma intrusions. Magmatic intrusions are also responsible for the impressive vertical deformations that affect during the Late Quaternary the south-eastern segment of the island and producing a large dome within the Pantelleria caldera complex. The results of the structural analysis carried out on the Island of Pantelleria also improves the general knowledge on the Late Quaternary tectonics of the entire Sicily Channel. ESE–WNW directed extension, responsible for both the tectonic and volcano-tectonic features of the Pantelleria Island, also characterizes, at a greater scale, the entire channel as shown by available geodetic and seismological data. This mode of extension reactivates the older NW–SE trending fault segments bounding the tectonic troughs of the Channel as right-lateral strike-slip faults and produces new NNE trending pure extensional features (normal faulting and cracking) that preferentially develop at the tip of the major strike-slip fault zones. We thus relate the Late Quaternary volcanism of the Pelagian Block magmatism to dilatational strain on the NNE-striking extensional features that develop on the pre-existing stretched area and propagate throughout the entire continental crust linking the already up-welled mantle with the surface.     

The influence of tropical Indian Ocean warming on the Southern Hemispheric stratospheric polar vortex

During the past decades, concurrent with global warming, most of global oceans, particularly the tropical Indian Ocean, have become warmer. Meanwhile, the Southern Hemispheric stratospheric polar vortex (SPV) exhibits a deepening trend. Although previous modeling studies reveal that radiative cooling effect of ozone depletion plays a dominant role in causing the deepening of SPV, the simulated ozone-depletion-induced SPV deepening is stronger than the observed. This suggests that there must be other factors canceling a fraction of the influence of the ozone depletion. Whether the tropical Indian Ocean warming (IOW) is such a factor is unclear. This issue is addressed by conducting ensemble atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) experiments. And one idealized IOW with the amplitude as the observed is prescribed to force four AGCMs. The results show that the IOW tends to warm the southern polar stratosphere, and thus weakens SPV in austral spring to summer. Hence, it offsets a fraction of the effect of the ozone depletion. This implies that global warming will favor ozone recovery, since a warmer southern polar stratosphere is un-beneficial for the formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), which is a key factor to ozone depletion chemical reactions. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40775053 and 90711004), National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2009CB421401), and Innovation Key Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant Nos. KZCXZ-YW-Q11-03, KZCZ2-YW-Q03-08)     

蒙古古生代地层研究的新进展

蒙古国古生代地层的研究以往主要侧重底栖大化石的研究, 很多地层的时代划分、归属问题不能得到很好的解决,底栖化石的地方性很强,不能与国际直接对比。 牙形刺是古生代地层的主导化石, 很多古生代地层问题都可以用牙形刺解决并进行可靠的洲际间对比。2001年笔者在蒙古南戈壁采集了158个样品, 经分析发现了大量牙形刺标本, 解决了很多蒙古的重大地层问题。Arynshand组应当归入下石炭统, 泥盆-石炭系界线在Arynshand组之下, 而不是在此组的内部。Mushgai地区Bayan-Khoshuu Ruins剖面的Mandalovoo组Gavuu 段的上部应属早泥盆世早期, 而不是以前所确定的早志留世, 称为奥咯诺伍德组（Olonovoot Formation）;Gavuu段的下部仍归早志留世。Mandalovoo组应提升为Mandalovoo群;Gavuu段应提升为Gavuu组。南戈壁Shine Jinst地区Tsakhir剖面Tsagaanbulag组的时代是早泥盆世洛霍考夫期, 而不是中晚志留世,Ulaan-Shand剖面Tsagaanbulag组的时代也是早泥盆世洛霍考夫期。Chuluun组的时代为早泥盆世晚埃姆斯期。Tsagaankhaalga组的时代为早艾菲尔期。Indert组为早石炭世。蒙古古生代海相地层大部分是浅水相地层, 并可能存在5个间断：志留系的文洛克统和罗德洛统的下部,下泥盆统布拉格阶的一部分,中泥盆统艾菲尔阶上部,泥盆-石炭系界线地层。蒙古国南部和中部很可能缺失上二叠统的海相沉积。     

Aeromagnetic study of peninsular India

The degree sheet Aeromagnetic maps up to 17‡N, acquired from the Geological Survey of India, have been manually redigitised at 6 minute intervals to study the long wavelength anomalies over peninsular India. These data have been collected at different survey altitude, epochs, flight line directions, etc. Great care has been taken to correct the total field map and remove the contribution due to the core field and prepare an accurate crustal anomaly map. For the first time, a regional map, depicting the NW-SE structural features north of the orthopyroxene isograd with the essentially E-W features to the south of it and revealing several well known structures, is presented. The analytical signal is calculated to delineate the source fields of these anomalies. It dramatically maps the charnockites and is able to delineate the orthopyroxene isograd. In the Dharwar region the magnetic signatures are associated with the intrusives/ iron ore bodies. Thus, we find that the source rocks of the aeromagnetic anomalies are the host province of charnockites in the SGT and the intrusives/iron ore bodies in the Dharwar belt. Gravity residuals are calculated and a tectonic map of the region is presented from the combined geopotential data.     

云南南亚热带地区气候资源与水稻、冬播玉米的适应性

云南南亚热带地区光能资源丰富 ,不仅表现在太阳辐射量高于我国华南和华东地区 ,而且辐射强度大 ,是籼型杂交水稻、冬播玉米等作物的高产区。全年热量资源充足 ,≥ 1 0℃积温在 6 0 0 0～ 75 0 0℃·d之间。但温度年较差小 ,日较差大 ,冬暖夏凉 ,一年四季都能种植玉米 ,是云南南亚热带地区玉米气候生态的一大特点。夏季高温强度不够 ,日照时数偏少是限制杂交水稻提高结实率和产量的主要因子。全年降水适中 ,但分布不均 ,地域差异大 ,干季降水量仅占全年总降水量的 1 0 %～ 1 5 % ,冬春干旱严重制约着冬播玉米以及水稻拔节前的生长发育。发展农田水利和灌溉是云南南亚热带地区夺取水稻、冬播玉米高产、稳产最重要的措施。     

Adventures in Data Analysis: The TAO Array and the 1997–1998 El Ni?o

Traditional undergraduate education in earth sciences does not emphasize data acquisition, analysis, or assessment. However, arrival of the information age dictates that earth sciences graduates be imbued with fundamental skills to organize, evaluate and process large data sets. Fortunately, the proliferation of remotely sensed data and its availability via the Internet provides many opportunities for earth science educators to meet these needs. Exercises to introduce students to data analysis have been designed utilizing data from the Tropical Atmosphere–Ocean (TAO) Array and the 1997–1998 El Niño episode in the tropical Pacific Ocean. The TAO Array is a grid of 69 buoys moored across the equatorial Pacific Ocean (8°N to 8°S and 95°W to 143°E) recording environmental data relevant to El Niño—Southern Oscillation (ENSO) processes. Data from the TAO Array is available in near-real-time (http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/toga-tao/realtime.html) or as archived ASCII files (http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/toga-tao/data-delivery.html) providing daily (sometimes hourly) records of environmental parameters for each buoy in the grid. Student exercises in data analysis begin with downloading data from buoy locations, parsing the data into spreadsheets, and organizing data by environmental parameter into yearly and monthly data sets. Analyses of reconstructed data include calculations of long-term averages of environmental parameters, seasonal climatologies, monthly climatologies and calculation of long-term, seasonal, and monthly anomalies. Finally, monthly anomaly maps produced by students are loaded sequentially into GIF-animation software to create time-series images illustrating the progress and development of the 1997–1998 El Niño event.