我国南方春季低温冷害气候及其大气环流特征

利用我国南方6省45个站1951－1995年2－4月的月平均气温资料分析该地区春季低温冷害气候特征，发现有7个低温冷害年，1957，1968，1969，1970，1984，1985和1988年，最严重的年份是1968和1988年，严重低温冷害主要发生在3，4月份，严重低温冷害最为频繁的地区是江南南部，南方春季低温冷害年际变化有着明显的阶段性和群发性，80年代我国南方春季低温冷害频繁，50年代次之，60，70年代较少，90年代前期几乎没有，典型的春季低温和高温年份，严洲中高纬度大气环流，西太洋平洋副热带高压以及太平洋热带海洋状况都有显著的差异，特别是，亚洲极涡，纬向环流指数，西太平洋副热带高压比界位置及太平洋暖池的海表面温度等因子均通过了95％（90％）信度水平检验。     

Effect of ENSO events on sediment production in a large coastal basin in northern Peru

Although the importance of ENSO on hydrological anomalies has been recognized, variations in sediment fluxes caused by these extreme events are poorly documented. The effect of ENSO is not limited to changes in sediment mobilization. Since ENSO events can affect terrestrial ecosystems, they may have important effects on sediment production and transport in river basins over time spans that are longer than the duration of the event itself. The Catamayo‐Chira basin is an interesting casestudy for investigating these geomorphic implications. The objectives were: (i) to study the effect of ENSO on stream flow and sediment yields in the basin, (ii) to investigate if ENSO events affect sediment yields in the post‐ENSO period and (iii) to understand which factors control the ENSO and post‐ENSO basin response. During strong negative ENSO periods, mean annual stream flow discharge at the inlet of the Poechos reservoir in the lower basin was 5.4 times higher than normal annual discharges, while average sediment fluxes exceeded those of normal years by a factor of about 11. In two heavily affected periods, 45.9% of the total sediment yield in the 29 years observation period was generated. Sediment fluxes in the post‐ENSO period are lower than expected, which proves post‐ENSO event dynamics are significantly different from pre‐event dynamics. Our analysis indicates the increase of vegetation growth in the lower basin is not the main reason explaining considerable sediment flux decrease in post‐ENSO periods. During strong ENSO events, sediment in alluvial stores in the lower part of the basin is removed due to enlarging and deepening of channels. In post‐ENSO periods, normal discharges and persisting sediment supplies from the middle/upper basin lead to river aggradation and storage of large amounts of sediment in alluvial plains. The decrease in sediment export will last for several years until the equilibrium is re‐established. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Marine debris surveys at Volunteer Beach, Falkland Islands, during the summer of 2001/02

This survey evaluated the monthly accumulation rate of marine debris and the types of objects washed ashore at Volunteer Beach on East Falkland between October 2001 and March 2002. The mean (±SD) accumulation rate of marine debris was 77 ± 25 items/km/month, of a mean weight of 17.3 ± 12 kg. Forty different objects were collected and the five most frequent items were cotton fabric, string, polystyrene packing sheet, plastic packing tape and broken plastic pieces. The debris on Volunteer Beach was dominated by fishing debris; 42% of the items were discarded fishing equipment, while 39% of the items were of a packaging or associated nature. The mostly likely source of this household waste was fishing vessels, with Falkland Islands Government (FIG) fisheries observers seeing 27 of the 40 items of debris collected from Volunteer Beach being discarded from fishing vessels. It is suggested that, although further marine debris research is warranted, more effective at-sea ship waste disposal regulations are required in Falkland waters to reduce environmental and economic threats both at the local and international level.     

藏北青南高原地表风蚀粗化特征

藏北青南高原长期受风蚀影响,地表粗化现象明显。本研究系统采集该区东西向调查样带内表层（0~1 cm）与浅层（1~10 cm）土壤样品,通过粒度测定、构建能够表征土壤风蚀粗化程度的风蚀粗化指数（WECI）,分析该区地表风蚀粗化特征。结果表明：藏北青南高原土壤中砾石、极粗砂、粗砂等粗颗粒组分在表层土壤中含量较浅层土壤有所增加,自西向东逐渐减少;黏土与粉砂等细颗粒组分相反,表层较浅层土壤中含量明显下降,自西向东逐渐增加。从样带东部的高寒草甸区到中部高寒草原区和西部高寒草原与荒漠草原过渡区,表层土壤环境敏感组分逐渐变粗,各区域平均风蚀粗化指数依次为1.05、1.47和1.77,地表风蚀粗化趋于加剧。现有文献常用的土壤粒度分形维数与土壤质地粗化度是刻画土壤质地粗细程度的静态指标,无法衡量风蚀导致的地表颗粒组成变化,本文构建的风蚀粗化指数克服了上述不足,且具有风蚀动力学依据。     

乔治王岛东北海域大磷虾虾群构成分析

1985年1月在乔治王岛东北约25海里(水深460米)海域,曾观测到范围较大的大磷虾群.在约4海里范围内用垂直探鱼仪记录了虾群的映象,进行了水平拖网.对6网样品的分析结果表明,虾群组成相当均一.体长频数分布样品间的百分比相似性指数平均为84.3%,性成熟度组成频数分布的相似性指数平均为75.6%,说明这些样品属同一虾群.磷虾平均体长为46.8毫米,成体虾占群体的96.5%,表明它们为一生殖群体.群体分布水层在20—50米深,厚度一般为20米,平均密度为1400尾/千立方米.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviews in are this Article Northern Waters . Clive Archer and David Scivener , EDS. Principles of Geographical Information Systems for Land Resources Assessment . P. A. Burrough . The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book. Environment Canada , United States Environmental Protection Agency , Brock University , AND Northwestern University . Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State. Rays Hudson AND Jim Lewis , EDS. Hazards: Technology and Fairness. Robert W. Kates and Alvin M. Weinberg . The Price of War. Urbanization in Vietnam 1954–85. Nigel Thrift and Dean Forbes . Population Structures and Models: Developments in Spatial Demography. Robert Woods and Philip Rees , EDS. Evaluating Earthquake Hazards in the Los Angeles Region-An Earth-Science Perspective. J. I. Ziony , ed .     

江西九岭南缘九仙汤侵入体的锆石U—Pb定年

九仙汤侵入体位于江西九岭复式岩基内,前人认为属燕山期花岗岩。笔者在该区进行1：25万上高县幅区域地质调查时,利用T／MS锆石u—Pb定年方法对九仙汤英云闪长岩进行了同位素年龄测定,结果表明九仙汤侵入体形成时代为（763±1）Ma,属新元古代花岗岩。     

华中、华南中强地震区地震烈度衰减关系研究

本文收集了1990-2006年间,我国华中、华南中强地震地区25次地震的烈度分布图,再配合1918-1989年间,9次地震的地震烈度分布图,重新拟合了该地区地震烈度衰减关系。震级下限从5级扩展到3．5级,地震烈度主要增加了Ⅳ度-Ⅵ度之间的样本量。与以往的地震烈度衰减关系相比,在小地震时计算烈度得到了相应的提高。充分反映出我国华中、华南地区地震震级小,而烈度相对高的特点。     

松辽盆地南部长岭断陷区深层构造特征与天然气聚集

在充分利用二维地震大剖面、三维地震资料以及钻/测井信息的基础上,结合高精度重、磁、电信息,系统地解剖了长岭断陷的区域地质结构,认为长岭断陷区为非单一简单断陷,而是由多个主次断陷组成的复式断陷群,且与北部的古龙断陷连为一体。在连片工业制图的基础上,进行了构造单元及区带划分,分析了主要断裂的几何学及运动学特征,认为乾安断裂、前神字井断裂、黑帝庙断裂、孤西断裂、孤店断裂、大安断裂、哈尔金断裂与顾家店-伏龙泉断裂控制了长岭断陷的地层发育及断陷结构,其中乾安断裂、前神字井断裂、黑帝庙断裂为最主要的控凹断裂。研究了断陷构造演化,将其分为断陷基底形成期、断陷发育期及断陷改造期等3个阶段。在油气地质条件分析基础上,研究了不同类型天然气的成藏特征,认为深层烃类气为煤型气,主要来自受断陷沉积控制的沙河子组和火石岭组,深层二氧化碳气为无机成因,主要来源于深层地幔,同时指出了有利勘探方向。