The influence of UV irradiation on the photoreduction of iron in the Southern Ocean

An iron enrichment experiment, EisenEx, was performed in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean during the Antarctic spring of 2000. Deck incubations of open ocean water were performed to investigate the influence of ultraviolet B (UVB: 280–315 nm) and ultraviolet A (UVA: 315–400 nm) on the speciation of iron in seawater, using an addition of the radioisotopes ⁵⁹Fe(III) (1.25 nM) or ⁵⁵Fe(III) (0.5 nM). Seawater was sampled inside and outside the iron-enriched region. The radioisotopic Fe(II) concentration was monitored during daylight under three different light conditions: the full solar spectrum (total), total minus UVB, and total minus UVB+UVA. A distinct diel cycle was observed with a clear distinction between the three different light regimes. A clear linear relationship was found for the concentration of radioisotopic Fe(II) versus irradiance. UVB produced most of the Fe(II) followed by UVA and visible light (VIS: 400–700 nm), respectively. UVB produced 4.89 and 0.69 pM m² W⁻¹ radioisotopic Fe(II) followed by UVA with 0.33 and 0.10 pM m² W⁻¹ radioisotopic Fe(II) and VIS with 0.04 and 0.03 pM m² W⁻¹ radioisotopic Fe(II).     

Autonomous video camera system for monitoring impacts to benthic habitats from demersal fishing gear, including longlines

Studies of the interactions of demersal fishing gear with the benthic environment are needed in order to manage conservation of benthic habitats. There has been limited direct assessment of these interactions through deployment of cameras on commercial fishing gear especially on demersal longlines. A compact, autonomous deep-sea video system was designed and constructed by the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD) for deployment on commercial fishing gear to observe interactions with benthos in the Southern Ocean finfish fisheries (targeting toothfish, Dissostichus spp). The Benthic Impacts Camera System (BICS) is capable of withstanding depths to 2500 m, has been successfully fitted to both longline and demersal trawl fishing gear, and is suitable for routine deployment by non-experts such as fisheries observers or crew. The system is entirely autonomous, robust, compact, easy to operate, and has minimal effect on the performance of the fishing gear it is attached to. To date, the system has successfully captured footage that demonstrates the interactions between demersal fishing gear and the benthos during routine commercial operations. It provides the first footage demonstrating the nature of the interaction between demersal longlines and benthic habitats in the Southern Ocean, as well as showing potential as a tool for rapidly assessing habitat types and presence of mobile biota such as krill (Euphausia superba).     

Stratigraphic and provenance evolution of the Southern Apennines foreland basin system during the Middle Miocene to Pliocene (Irpinia-Sannio successions,Italy)

The paper deals with original stratigraphic, petrographic and structural data concerning the evolution of the southern Apennines chain (Italy). The main Langhian to Pliocene deposits cropping out in the northern sector of the southern Apennines foreland basin system (Sannio-Irpinia area) have been studied and correlated in order to document the effects of tectonic changes on the evolution of sandstone detrital modes and stratigraphic architecture. The studied sandstone units can be grouped in five key intervals: a) Numidian Flysch, mostly formed by Langhian mature quartzarenitic deposits and conformable Serravallian post-Numidian successions, formed by arkosic and calciclastic arenaceous-pelitic beds (foreland depozones); b) Langhian to Tortonian San Giorgio Fm., mostly composed of quartzofeldspatic sandstones (foredeep depozone); c) Tortonian to Early Messinian, quartz-feldspatic and partly sedimentary-carbonatoclastic petrofacies, thrust-top successions (Vallone Ponticello, Villanova del Battista and San Bartolomeo fms.); d) Late Messinian quartzolithic to quartzofeldspatic sandstones (Torrente Fiumarella, Anzano Molasse and Tufo-Altavilla unit), which can be referred to infilled thrust-top basins; e) unconformity-bounded Pliocene quartzofeldspatic sandstone strata (wedge-top depozones), characterized by synsedimentary tectonic activity.Detrital modes of the Serravallian through Middle Pliocene sandstones of the southern Apennines foreland basin system testify clear provenance relations from the accreted terranes forming the southern Apennine thrust-belt. The studied clastics show almost the same blended (quartz-feldspatic) composition; this condition could be related to the tectonic transport over thrust ramp of source rocks, as suggested by the tectonic evolutionary model. This study, dealing with sedimentary provenance analysis and tectonostratigraphic evolution, provides an example of the close relations between clastic compositions and foreland basin system development in southern Apennines.     

南黄海前新生代油气地震勘探面临的问题与努力方向

南黄海海域的中、古生代海相油气地震勘探取得了丰硕的成果,但也面临着在恶劣的采集环境下降低原始资料干扰难、提高强反射界面下目标层的反射能量难、复杂波场条件下多次波的识别与压制难以及复杂构造条件下地震精确成像难等诸多技术难题。在分析了所面临问题的基础上提出了解决问题的努力方向,即重新定位勘探流程;加强基础理论研究;开展采集和处理技术方法的创新研究与试验;强调综合地球物理方法的有效融合等。     

南黄海冬季生源要素的分布特征

本文对冬季南黄海横贯东西断面的生源要素分布特征进行了探讨。指出：１）冬季黄海暖流水除了具有高温、高盐等物理特征外,还具有低氧、高ｐＨ和低营养盐等化学特征;２）南黄海西南部海域具有高温、高盐、低氧和高营养盐特征,这是台湾暖流前缘水北上所致;３）南黄海中部营养盐含量较高,西部近岸含量较低;４）叶绿素ａ含量及初级生产力水平较低。结果还表明,冬季南黄海溶解氧含量及分布主要受水温的控制。     

Neoproterozoic tectonic geography of the south-east Congo Craton in Zambia as deduced from the age and composition of detrital zircons

The Southern Irumide Belt(SIB) is an orogenic belt consisting of a number of lithologically varied Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic terranes that were thrust upon each other.The belt lies along the southwest margin of the Archaean to Proterozoic Congo Craton,and bears a Neoproterozoic tectonothermal overprint relating to the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian collision between the Congo and Kalahari cratons.It preserves a record of about 500 million years of plate interaction along this part of the Congo margin.Detrital zircon samples from the SIB were analysed for U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopes,as well as trace element compositions.These data are used to constrain sediment-source relationships between SIB terranes and other Gondwanan terranes such as the local Congo Craton and Irumide belt and wider afield to Madagascar(Azania) and India.These correlations are then used to interpret the Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic affinity of the rocks and evolution of the region.Detrital zircon samples from the Chewore-Rufunsa and Kacholola(previously referred to as Luangwa-Nyimba) terranes of the SIB yield zircon U-Pb age populations and evolved ε_(Hf)(t) values that are similar to the Muva Supergroup found throughout eastern Zambia,primarily correlating with Ubendian-Usagaran(ca.2.05-1.80 Ga) phase magmatism and a cryptic basement terrane that has been suggested to underlie the Bangweulu Block and Irumide Belt.These data suggest that the SIB was depositionally connected to the Congo Craton throughout the Mesoproterozoic.The more eastern Nyimba-Sinda terrane of the SIB(previously referred to as Petauke-Sinda terrane) records detrital zircon ages and ε_(Hf)(t) values that correlate with ca.1.1-1.0 Ga magmatism exposed elsewhere in the SIB and Irumide Belt.We ascribe this difference in age populations to the polyphase development of the province,where the sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the Nyimba-Sinda terrane accumulated in extensional basins that developed in the Neoproterozoic.Such deposition would have occurred following late-Mesoproterozoic magmatism that is widespread throughout both the Irumide and Southern Irumide Belts,presently considered to have occurred in response to collision between a possible microcontinental mass and the Irumide Belt.This interpretation implies a multi-staged evolution of the ocean south of the Congo Craton during the mid-Mesoproterozoic to late-Neoproterozoic,which ultimately closed during collision between the Congo and Kalahari cratons.     

Tectonic vs. gravitational morphostructures in the central Eastern Alps (Italy): Constraints on the recent evolution of the mountain range

Deep-seated gravitational slope deformations (DSGSDs) influence landscape development in tectonically active mountain ranges. Nevertheless, the relationships among tectonics, DSGSDs, and topography are poorly known. In this paper, the distribution of DSGSDs and their relationships with tectonic structures and active processes, surface processes, and topography were investigated at different scales. Over 100 DSGSDs were mapped in a 5000 km² sector of the central Eastern Alps between the Valtellina, Engadine and Venosta valleys. Detailed lineament mapping was carried out by photo-interpretation in a smaller area (about 750 km²) including the upper Valtellina and Val Venosta. Fault populations were also analysed in the field and their mechanisms unravelled, allowing to identify different structural stages, the youngest being consistent with the regional pattern of the ongoing crustal deformation. Finally, four DSGSD examples have been investigated in detail by geological and 2D geomechanical modelling.DSGSDs affect more than 10% of the study area, and mainly cluster in areas where anisotropic fractured rock mass and high local relief occur. Their onset and development is subjected to a strong passive control by mesoscopic and major tectonic features, including regional nappe boundaries as well as NW–SE, N–S and NE–SW trending recent brittle structures. The kinematic consistency between these structures and the pattern of seismicity suggests that active tectonics may force DSGSDs, although field evidence and numerical models indicate slope debuttressing related to deglaciation as a primary triggering mechanism.     

南华北盆地断裂构造特征与油气勘探

南华北盆地主要发育3期断裂：第一期是在三叠纪末挤压构造背景下形成的逆冲断裂,断裂走向以近E-W向为主、主要由南向北逆冲;第二期是与晚侏罗世—早白垩世构造运动相关的走滑拉张断裂,断裂走向以NNE向为主,左行走滑,常沿印支期挤压断裂带发育;第三期是与晚白垩世—古近纪构造运动相关的正断裂,断裂走向以近S-N向或NEE向为主。三叠纪末印支期断裂的冲断抬升作用一方面使该区主力烃源岩石炭—二叠系受严重剥蚀,另一方面破坏了烃源岩的连续性和稳定性;晚侏罗世—早白垩世的走滑拉张断裂与印支期断裂一起,呈棋盘格式平面切割了南华北盆地,与之伴生的火成岩对烃源岩也有一定的破坏作用;晚白垩世—古近纪的拉张断裂则进一步加强了烃源岩的不连续性。后两期拉张断裂常常通天,对前期形成的油气藏有一定的破坏作用。因此,对于南华北盆地的油气勘探,需要避开走滑断裂或拉张断裂,避开火成岩体;针对上古生界,要寻找连续性较好的烃源岩层;针对中、新生界,要寻找有利于烃源岩发育的沉积相带。     

基于文献计量分析的南大洋生态环境研究现状与展望

南大洋是目前受人为活动干扰最少的区域,在平衡全球气候变化、维持生物多样性方面扮演了重要角色。由于其独特的自然条件和地理区位,各国学者自20世纪90年代起就开始对南大洋生态环境进行深入研究。为厘清全球范围内的南大洋生态环境研究现状、预测未来研究趋势,本文采用文献计量学的研究方法,统计了Web of Science核心数据库中已发表的南大洋生态环境相关研究论文,共获得有效论文7 491篇。基于VOSviewer软件分析了1990—2020年间关于南大洋生态环境的论文发表数量、发表机构、发表期刊、核心作者及主要研究主题,结果表明：(1)南大洋生态环境的相关研究逐年增加,1997年《京都议定书》的签订及其2005年的正式生效是南大洋生态环境研究数量明显上升的时间节点;(2)美国是南大洋生态环境研究的领军国家,拥有3个发文数量排名前十的科研机构;英国和澳大利亚也是南大洋生态环境研究的主要国家,其科研机构发文数量排名靠前;中国的南大洋生态环境研究起步较晚,目前仍处于追赶阶段,但与欧美国家的差距正逐步缩小;(3)30年间南大洋生态环境的主要研究领域包括“气候变化”“浮游植物”“南极磷虾种群”“海洋生...     

Unique recovery stage of reef communities after F/F event in a huge coral reef of Carboniferous, Southern Guizhou,China

Carboniferous is a global recession period of reef-building. There were fewer reefs at that times due to massive extinction and the great glacial catastrophe in the southern hemisphere in Frasnian/Famennian[1]. So far, however, most of the researches concerning Carboniferous reefs have been limited, which leads to insufficient knowledge regarding the composition, structure, ecological characteristics of reef-building communities, the reef growth models, etc. Interna-tional studies conducted o…