Accelerated aqueous leaching of selenium and arsenic from coal associated rock samples with selenium speciation using ultrasound extraction

Ultrasound extraction was used to compare the accelerated release rates of selenium and arsenic from three rocks (BT700, BT 571 and BT 60) that are associated with mountaintop mining and valley fill coal mining practiced in southern parts of West Virginia, USA. The concentrations of arsenic released from rocks were found to be three orders of magnitude higher than that of selenium. The accelerated leaching rate constants were ten times higher for arsenic compared to selenium. Se (IV) was found to be stable under ultrasound extraction conditions used whereas As (III) was quickly oxidized to As (V). BT700 was found to have more Se (IV) compared to BT571 while BT60 did not have any significant Se (IV) concentrations. Such compositional and kinetic information becomes important when determining suitable mining waste treatment protocols that have to be undertaken to different types of overburden before it is dumped in valleys.     

利用生烃动力学研究鄂尔多斯盆地抬升后上古生界源岩生气作用结束时间

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界气藏的研究已有较多的报道,但盆地抬升过程中源岩是否生气以及生气作用结束的时间等问题还存在争论或认识不清.本研究通过封闭体系的模拟实验,利用生烃动力学软件,对盆地不同区域代表钻孔的生烃史进行了计算.结果显示,在盆地的南部气体的转化率最高,可达70%以上,向北逐渐降低;在盆地抬升的过程中,源岩仍然有气体生成,不同地区的生气量随源岩的成熟度和降温幅度的不同而有所差别,总体来说盆地南部生气量低,西部高;生气作用在除天环坳陷外的广大地区,一般结束于老第三纪,并具有东早西晚的特点.天环坳陷到晚第三纪甚至现在仍有少量天然气生成.     

长江口竹园排污区磷的转移动力学

模拟研究上海市污水排放长江口竹园排污区时,污水－海水混合过程中磷含量和形态的变化,及基在颗粒物－海水界面的转移动力学,提供动力学模式,测定转移的速率,进行容量校正,为上海市污水排海环境容量估算和水质控制提供动力学资料和理论依据。     

Transverse Dispersion of a Kinetically Sorbing Solute

A recursion formulation for the transverse spreading of a solute is developed, and under conditions of steady flow in a stratified aquifer, the transport of a linearly sorbing solute undergoing nonequilibrium sorption is studied. The effect of spatial variability in the velocity field and the sorption kinetics are modeled to see the combined effect of the two processes on the spreading of the solute injected at a point in the aquifer. The main result of this work is a transport model based on a discrete formulation that includes local dispersion and leads to nonasymptotic behavior in the spreading of the plume in a direction normal to the mean flow velocity.     

Relations between Light Hydrocarbon, Carbon Monoxide, and Carbon Dioxide Concentrations in the Plume from the Combustion of Plant Material in a Furnace

To systematically explain relations between light hydrocarbons, CO, and CO₂ concentrations/emissions of biomassburning, we measured concentrations/emissions of carbon gases – CO,CO₂, light hydrocarbons (CH₄, C₂H₆,C₂H₄, C₂H₂, C₃H₈, C₃H₆,n-C₄H₁₀, i-C₄H₁₀, n-C₅H₁₂,i-C₅H₁₂), and THC (total hydrocarbon) – in the burning of dead plant material, mainly Imperata grass, byclosed-chamber experiments and by time-series analyses of gas concentrations in combustion plumes in relatively efficient and inefficient combustion situations. Concentrations of hydrocarbons measured were well correlated to [CO] although [C₂H₂] was exceptionally well correlated to[CO₂]. The phase diagrams (relation between [CO]/ [CO₂] and [hydrocarbon]/ [CO₂]) obtained by the time-seriesexperiments well illustrated the variation in the overall emission rates of the closed-chamber experiments. The higher rates of decrease in hydrocarbon concentration with increasing carbon number in the efficient case compared with the inefficient case probably reflected the rate of oxidation and the amount of radicals. The overall concentrations (or emissions) of C₂H₄ and C₃H₆ were higher thanthose of C₂H₆ and C₃H₈, suggesting a linkage to mechanisms in whichthe predominant path of hydrocarbon oxidation is through the degradation of alkyl radicals, which can be immediately converted into or formed from alkenes. For C₃ and C₄ species, normal-chain species hadhigher emissions than iso-chain species under lower combustion efficiency. This may be attributable to the presence of tertiary C–H bonds in iso-species,which show more reactivity in the abstraction of H than secondary C–H bonds unless the carbon number is large.     

塔里木盆地库车坳陷烃源岩生成甲烷的动力学参数及其应用

根据压力下黄金管封闭体系热模拟实验结果 ,应用 Kinetics和 GOR- Isotope Kinetics专用软件 ,获得了塔里木盆地库车坳陷三叠系—侏罗系烃源岩的生烃动力学参数及碳同位素动力学参数。库车坳陷侏罗系煤、煤系泥岩及三叠系泥岩热解生成甲烷具有各自的活化能分布范围 ,分别是 197～ 2 6 8k J/ mol、180～ 2 6 0 k J/ mol、2 14～2 89k J/ m ol,频率因子各为 5 .2 6 5× 10 1 3s- 1、9.76 1× 10 1 1 s- 1、2 .2 70× 10 1 4s- 1 ,反映它们的生烃行为有所差异 ;其相应的碳同位素动力学参数也有差别 ,平均活化能分别是 2 2 8k J/ mol、2 0 5 k J/ mol、2 31k J/ mol。在此基础上 ,应用这些动力学参数 ,并结合地质背景 ,进一步探讨了依南 2气藏天然气的成因和运聚成藏模式。研究表明 ,依南 2气藏天然气主要来源于库车坳陷阳霞凹陷中心侏罗系煤系烃源岩 ,主要聚气时间为 5～ 0 Ma,对应 Ro 为 1.2 5 %～ 1.95 % ,天然气散失率为 2 5 %～ 30 %。该研究对塔里木盆地 ,乃至我国其他地区天然气藏的成因评价与成藏过程研究具有参考和借鉴意义。     

塔中地区奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩储层的溶解动力学特征

选取塔中地区奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩样品进行了模拟实验,以研究其在表生岩溶作用下的溶解动力学特征.实验分别在30,50℃下,用pH值为3～6的盐酸溶液,恒温水浴加热进行.结果表明:4种样品溶解速率的相对大小依次为:灰白色灰岩＞砂屑灰岩＞粗晶白云岩＞中粗-细晶白云岩,且溶解速率均随着温度的升高而增大,随着pH值的增大而减小.但随着外界环境的变化,溶解速率的变化略有差异.造成这种差异的原因可能是样品中的硅酸盐杂质、晶体颗粒的大小以及实验过程中产生的CO2的影响.由实验结果推测可知,对于塔中地区以表生岩溶作用为主形成的奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩储层,灰岩储层的储集性能可能优于白云岩储层;对于以埋藏岩溶作用为主形成的奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩储层,白云岩储层的储集性能可能优于灰岩储层.     

应用生烃动力学法定量评价碳酸盐岩的二次生烃:以朱家墩气藏为例

针对碳酸盐岩发育区烃源岩普遍存在二次生烃的问题,以苏北盐城凹陷朱家墩气藏源岩二叠系栖霞组灰岩为目标,应用化学动力学方法定量研究该源岩的二次生烃(气).在模拟实验基础上,选取动力学模型,求取动力学参数,再结合朱家墩地区的埋藏史和热史,最终求取了源岩生气史曲线.得出在距今240-190 Ma(三叠纪-早侏罗世)时二叠系灰岩第一次生气,随后地层抬升,生气过程中止;在距今54 Ma(始新世)时该烃源岩埋藏条件达到了第一次生气终止时的条件,开始第二次生气,生气过程一直持续到现今,第一次生气量(10%)远无法与第二次生气量(80%)相比.并通过储层包裹体的均一化温度判断朱家墩气藏流体注入期次,结果显示,二次生气的生气高峰与流体注入期相匹配,验证了用动力学方法评价二次生烃、多次生烃的合理性,同时也佐证了二叠系灰岩对朱家墩气藏的贡献.     

Green and Eco‐Friendly Removal of Mycotoxins with Organo‐Bentonites; Isothermal,Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Studies

In the current study the application of organo‐modified bentonite for the adsorption of mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, citrinin, patulin, and zearalenone) is presented. The modification of clays is carried out using benzyl‐tri‐n‐butyl ammonium bromide (BTB), benzethonium chloride (BTC), and dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS). Various experimental parameters such as pH, time, adsorbent dose, and mycotoxins concentration are thoroughly studied. The modified clays (B‐BTB, B‐BTC and B‐DSS) are characterized by X‐ray fluorescence, X‐ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results depicted the high detoxification efficiency (≈99%) of modified clays for the removal of mycotoxins under optimized conditions (pH 5, time: 30 min, adsorbent amount: 50 mg). The adsorption capacities of modified clays are found in the order of: B‐BTC (AFB1: 18.02, CIT: 18.35, PAT: 18.21, ZEA: 18.09 mg g^?1) > B‐BTB (AFB1: 17.7, CIT: 18.11, PAT: 17.95, ZEA: 17.90 mg g^?1) > B‐DSS (AFB1: 17.5, CIT: 18.02, PAT: 17.86, ZEA: 17.80 mg g^?1). The obtained results fitted well with thermodynamic, isothermal (Langmuir) and pseudo‐second order kinetics. Low cost organo‐modified bentonite shows the promise in mitigating mycotoxin contamination, which could improve food safety and reduce environmental contamination.     

Removal of perchlorate （ClO4^-） contaminants by calcined Zn-Al layered double hydroxides

Layered double hydroxides （LDHs） are a class of synthetic anionic clays whose structure can be described as containing brucite-like layers in which some of the divalent cations have been replaced by trivalent ions, giving rise to positively charged sheets. This charge is balanced by intercalation of anions in the hydrated interlayer regions. LDHs act as sorbents of anionic species through two types of reactions, namely, anion exchange and reconstruction, which further adds the possibility of recycling and reuse. The sorption of anions from aqueous solutions by structural reconstruction of a calcined LDHs is based on a very interesting property of these materials, the so-called memory effect： Calcination of LDHs produces intermediate non-stoichiometric oxides （CLDH） which undergo rehydration in aqueous medium and give back the hydroxide structure with different anions in the interlayers. Perchlorate＇s （ClO4^-） strong oxidizing capabilities make it ideally suited for use as a propellant in solid rocket fuel. However, this use in rocket fuel has led to the ClO4^- contamination of considerable amounts of water throughout the United States. ClO4^- has been shown to inhibit iodide uptake by the thyroid gland; and in large doses, it has been linked to anemia and fetal brain damage. This is especially a problem in China. With the recent emergence of perchlorate contamination as an important drinking water quality issue, adsorption by calcined LDHs was studied for ClO4^- removal. In this work, the effect of various factors such as （a） CLDH structure, （b） conditions for removal of ClO4^- ion, such as dosage of adsorbent, initial concentration of ClO4^-, and temperature and （c） co-existing anions in perchlorate contamination on the removal of ClO4^-, have been investigated, respectively.