Solution of marble in the karst of the Pikikiruna range,Northwest Nelson,New Zealand

The paper reports the first research on karst solution processes and rates in New Zealand. The study area is an IHD representative basin in the northwest corner of the South Island in a mountain range consisting principally of Ordovician marble. The climate is sunny and warm (17°C) in summer and wet and cool (7°C) in winter. Average precipitation is 2,158 mm of which 525 mm evapotranspires, yielding a discharge of 51–75 l/s/km² in the river basin studied. Almost half of the catchment of 45.1 km² consists of karst which occurs mainly as a doline covered plateau at 600–900 m within which most drainage is subterranean. Water tracing is with fluorescein defined drainage patterns. Marble solution was established by estimating inputs, throughputs and outputs of water and dissolved calcium and magnesium in both autogenic and allogenic karst drainage systems. Particular attention was paid to estimating errors. Water samples for chemical analysis were taken irregularly for approximately one year, and a rating curve relating chemical load to discharge was established. The best estimate of solution loss from the basin yields a mean rate of 100 ±M24 m³/km²/a. Of this 80 per cent is derived from solution of marble by autogenic waters, mostly in the top 10–30 m of the marble outcrop. The remaining 20 per cent is accomplished by allogenic stream solution. Approximately 9.9 per cent of the dissolved calcium and magnesium load leaving the basin originates from non-karst rocks and 4.6 per cent is initially introduced by rainfall. River flows that are exceeded only 5 per cent of the time transport approximately 44 per cent of the annual dissolved load, while mean to low flows that occur for 75 per cent of the time transport 35 per cent of the annual solute load. This confirms the importance of low frequency-high magnitude events, but indicates also that in corrosion systems high frequency events of moderate to low magnitude can also accomplish significant work.     

Non-Critical Precursory Accelerating Seismicity Theory (NC PAST) and limits of the power-law fit methodology

Iron formation rocks of Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Brazil, were deformed at greenschist facies. Quartz grains in bedding parallel veins were sheared and deformed by a combination of mechanisms assisted by aqueous fluids. Veins in the outcrop appear to be stretched parallel to the compositional layering. The overall vein shapes resemble those of boundinage and pinch and swell. In thin sections, veins show microstructures similar to those observed in hand samples, where domains of large quartz crystals are pulled apart for several millimeters. The voids between quartz fragments are filled with domains of polycrystalline quartz. The microstructural and orientation data show that the strain imposed on the vein as a rigid and competent layer was not accommodated in the quartz polycrystals exclusively by crystal plastic deformation or dynamic recrystallization. The new grains are strain-free, with straight boundaries and with weak to random crystallographic fabrics. We interpret these features to have resulted from a combination of processes, which included grain boundary sliding accomplished by solution transfer. We propose that the coeval operation of both mechanisms allows the aggregate to deform at higher strain rates without necking of the vein layer in a type of flow similar to those described in superplastic regimes.     

质量吸收因子的经验公式

采用非线性最小二乘法拟合获得了生物学、地学和化学上重要的18种元素的质量吸收因子经验公式μ/ρ=cλ3-dλ4-aλ2+bλ+e,其R2比0.9999更精确。并给出了系数及其适用的波长或能量范围,简单讨论了各系数与原子序数Z和原子量之间的关系。     

The contribution of Very Long Baseline Interferometry to ITRF2005

The contribution of the International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS) to the ITRF2005 (International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2005) has been computed by the IVS Analysis Coordinator’s office at the Geodetic Institute of the University of Bonn, Germany. For this purpose the IVS Analysis Centres (ACs) provided datum-free normal equation matrices in Solution INdependent EXchange (SINEX) format for each 24 h observing session to be combined on a session-by-session basis by a stacking procedure. In this process, common sets of parameters, transformed to identical reference epochs and a prioris, and especially representative relative weights have been taken into account for each session. In order to assess the quality of the combined IVS files, Earth orientation parameters (EOPs) and scaling factors have been derived from the combined normal equation matrices. The agreement of the EOPs of the combined normal equation matrices with those of the individual ACs in terms of weighted root mean square (WRMS) is in the range of 50–60 μas for the two polar motion components and about 3 μs for UT1−UTC. External comparisons with International GNSS Serive (IGS) polar motion components is at the level of 130–170 μas and 21 μs/day for length of day (LOD). The scale of the terrestrial reference frame realized through the IVS SINEX files agrees with ITRF2000 at the level of 0.2 ppb.     

利用余震震源分布确定主震断层面的方法研究

利用余震震源位置的空间分布,采用Newton-Raphson算法和遗传算法确定主震断层面参数的方法,对仿真数据求出了地震主断层面走向角和倾角,验证了方法的有效性。该方法可以与其他数据结合共同约束主震断层面的参数。     

影响惯性重力波活动规律的动力学因子研究

通过探测发现大气重力波有明显的活动规律:重力波强度在冬、春季强于夏、秋季,在5月和10月发生急剧减弱和加强的转变,无天气过程时晚上比白天强,尤其短周期的重力波,周期为40~80min的重力波平均强度最强,其他较弱。在斜压大气和考虑积云对流加热条件下,运用积云对流参数化、Taylor公式展开等方法,推导出惯性重力波的非线性KdV方程,求出其孤立波解,以此解释以上得出的大气重力波的活动规律:惯性重力波强度随风速垂直切变增大而增大,急流是最重要的惯性重力波波源,是重力波强度在冬、春季强于夏、秋季的主要原因,亚洲急流在5月和10月的北跃和南落,是重力波强度发生急剧变化的原因,急流下方是激发惯性重力波最强的地方。一般情况下,惯性重力波强度随着大气背景流场绝对涡度增大而增大,正涡度对惯性重力波起激发和增强的作用。当惯性重力波向下传播时,波的强度随层结稳定度(N2)增大而增大,由于太阳辐射的作用白天大气层结稳定度比晚上小,这解释了在无天气过程时晚上重力波强度强于白天的原因。惯性重力波强度和波的频率成正比,这解释了周期为40~80 min比周期为140~160 min的重力波强的原因。重力波强度还与非线性积云对流参数常数b及科氏力参数f成正比。     

Inversion and III-Posed Problem Solutions in Atmospheric Remote Sensing

With the swift advances in earth observation,satellite remote sensing and application of atmospheric radiation theory have been developed in the past decades,atmospheric sensing inversion with its algorithms is getting more and more importance.It is known that since a remote sensing equation falls into an integral equation of the first kind,thus leading to the fact that it is ill-posed and particularly the solution is unsteady,tremendous difficulties arise from the retrieval.This paper will present a simple review on the inversion techniques with some necessary remarks,before introducing the successful efforts with respect to such equations and the encouraging solutions achieved in recent decades by researchers of the world.     

Inversion and III-Posed Problem Solutions in Atmospheric Remote Sensing

With the swift advances in earth observation, satellite remote sensing and application of atmospheric radiation theory have been developed in the past decades, atmospheric sensing inversion with its algorithms is getting more and more importance. It is known that since a remote sensing equation falls into an integral equation of the first kind, thus leading to the fact that it is ill-posed and particularly the solution is unsteady, tremendous difficulties arise from the retrieval. This paper will present a simple review on the inversion techniques with some necessary remarks, before in-troducing the successful efforts with respect to such equations and the encouraging solutions achieved in recent dec-ades by researchers of the world.