秦岭主脊区年降水量空间插值最优方法研究

利用ARCGIS软件,以研究区多年平均年降水量为数据源,开展以下研究：（1）采用反距离权重法、普通（泛）克里金法、样条函数法和趋势面法进行直接内插。（2）利用降水量随海拔递增率,再次利用以上方法进行插值。（3）分析站点数量的变化对插值精度的影响。（4）分析插值空间尺度变化对插值精度的影响。针对插值结果,使用交叉验证法来评估插值方法的优劣,旨在找出研究区年降水量空间插值的最优方法。结果表明：（1）研究区多年降水量与纬度呈现出很好的负相关,与其他各地理环境因子相关性很差或无相关性。（2）考虑降水随海拔的递增率后,研究区南坡西段和研究区海拔<600 m和>800 m的大部分观测站的空间内插精度得到有效提高,其它区域以及其它海拔区间的插值精度反而降低,因此使用单一线性数据作为整个研究区降水随海拔的变化率不够科学和严谨。（3）在缺少研究区不同剖面降水观测资料的情况下,权重为0.001 的正规则样条函数法是最优插值方法。（4）像元尺度在50～1 000 m间的变化对降水插值的不确定影响甚微;插值精度与选取的插值点个数无明显相关性,当站点个数为20个时,插值精度最高。     

祁连山浅山区降水化学的环境意义

通过连续收集降水样品对祁连山浅山区民乐县大气降水特征及水汽来源进行研究,运用相关分析和主成分因子分析,探讨了2013 年5 月27 日至2014 年7 月7 日祁连山民乐地区降水常量离子的化学特征。结果表明：研究时段内降水离子浓度由大到小依次为Ca²⁺ >SO₄^2- >NH₄⁺ >Cl^- >Na⁺ >NO₃^- >Mg²⁺ >K⁺,其中Ca²⁺和SO₄^2-是高浓度离子,阳离子总浓度远远高于阴离子总浓度。降水pH 平均值为7.44,降水电导率的变化范围为4.0 μs·cm^-1～940.0 μs·cm^-1,平均值为167.93 μs·cm^-1。Ca²⁺离子和SO₄^2-离子分别占阳离子和阴离子总浓度的47%和44%。各阴阳离子随季节变化表现出明显的波动趋势,冬、春季节降水极少时阴阳离子浓度较高,而在夏季降水较多时各离子浓度较低。冬春季频繁的沙尘暴活动造成大气陆源气溶胶浓度升高,且该时段降水量少,因此降水离子浓度升高。相关分析和主成分因子分析结果表明,祁连山浅山区民乐县的降水化学离子主要来源于陆源物质,农业生产和人类活动产生的气溶胶是次要来源。     

Grain-size characteristics of sediment in Daniugou peatland in Changbai Mountains,Northeast China: Implications for atmospheric dust deposition

The grain-size distribution characteristics and grain-size parameters of sediment in two vertical sections of Daniugou peatland in the Changbai Mountains were systematically investigated. A comparative analysis of the sediment granularity using a discriminative function with Hongyuan peat, red clay, loess-paleosol, fluvial deposit as well as lacustrine deposit was also conducted. It turns out that the vertical section of Daniugou peat ash is primarily constituted by clay and silt particles, and the content of sand is relatively small. Grain-size frequency curves generally show a single-peak modality while a bimodal pattern is detected in the upper layer. The grain-size component and peak pattern of grain-size frequency curves also illustrate that peat ash materials were transported to the peatland by long-range aeolian dust during the deposition process, while there existed short-distance dust influence in peat deposition of the upper layer. Comparisons of grain-size parameters and the discriminative Y-value of Daniugou peat ash with those of typical aeolian sediments show close similarities, suggesting the possibility that atmospheric dust transport processes were involved in the accumulation of peat again. Moreover, the variations of grain-size distribution suggest the local environmental deterioration which is just the driving force of local dust elevation. Grain-size analysis of peatland sediment is demonstrated to be one effective method to extract information about regional and global environmental evolution, and more attention should be paid to current local ecological environment and to seeking a balance between economic development and environmental protection in Northeast China.     

基于瞬变电磁法(TEM)的西昆仑地区多年冻土厚度探测与研究

多年冻土厚度对于多年冻土的区域分布和环境效应具有重要控制和指示意义. 应用瞬变电磁法(TEM)对青藏高原西昆仑地区的多年冻土下限进行了探测, 并结合钻孔资料分析了该研究区域多年冻土厚度的分布特征. 结果表明:研究区域多年冻土厚度随地形、地质条件的差异表现出显著的空间差异性. 沿着219国道从509道班到奇台达坂的高山峡谷区, 随着海拔的升高, 多年冻土从无到有, 而且, TEM探测到的多年冻土厚度从不到10 m到接近100 m, 平均厚度约为55 m; 自界山达坂向东到拉竹龙的低山丘陵区, 除部分区域发育融区外, 多年冻土厚度一般在50 m左右, TEM探测显示多年冻土平均厚度约为58 m; 进入甜水海盆地, 多年冻土厚度普遍超过60 m, TEM探测到靠近湖泊的盆地中心地带多年冻土平均厚度可达110 m. 多年冻土厚度随地温的降低呈显著的线性增加趋势, 10 m深度地温平均每降低1 ℃, 多年冻土厚度增加29 m. 多年冻土的厚度随海拔的升高显著增加, 同时局地因素对多年冻土的发育有显著影响, 其内在机制需要进一步研究.     

太行山南段洪山火山岩的锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及Hf同位素组成

洪山岩体是太行山南段中生代侵入岩的重要组成部分,具有碱性岩特征。洪山岩体南北两侧尚出露有火山岩类,在以往的研究中涉及较少。首次报道了洪山火山岩的锆石 U-Pb 年代学、全岩元素地球化学和锆石 Hf 同位素数据。锆石 U-Pb 定年结果表明,洪山火山岩形成年龄为(132.8±1.1) Ma,与洪山正长岩基本同期。其岩石类型为粗面质岩屑晶屑凝灰岩,具有富Al₂O₃(15.13%~16.78%)、高TFeO(5.61%~8.69%)、富碱(K₂O+Na₂O =9.72%~11.13%)的含量特征,无Eu异常(δEu=0.97~1.02),轻重稀土分馏明显(LREE/HREE=8.61~12.30),富集Rb、Sr、Th、K等大离子亲石元素(LILEs),而亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素(HFSEs)。洪山凝灰岩锆石测得ε_Hf (t) 值变化范围为-20.51~-12.34 ,对应的地壳模式年龄(T^C_DM)为1.9~2.5 Ga。洪山凝灰岩与洪山正长岩是同期-同源的岩浆作用的产物,形成于早白垩世由挤压环境向伸展环境转变的构造格局,是EMI型富集地幔部分熔融形成富碱的基性幔源岩浆上升,提供的热量诱发古老下地壳物质重熔,又与该壳源熔体混合形成母岩浆,再经历镁铁质矿物的分离结晶作用形成的。     

历史文献记载的1757—1774年天山北麓东部地区温度升高

通过整理历史文献中有关天山北麓东部地区18世纪中后期的相关记载,发现1757—1774年的历史文献记载了巴里坤作物物候和霜雪事件,根据物候学原理,确认1757—1774年巴里坤存在有温度升高的现象。并根据同时期历史文献中乌鲁木齐的冷暖感应记载,认为1757—1774年的温度升高发生在整个天山北麓地区。结合已有的树木年轮研究成果,并根据当时的人文社会背景进行分析,进而从更宏大的时空尺度上认识此次温度升高在历史文献记载中的具体内涵,认为历史文献记载的1757—1774年温度升高是相对于18世纪10—20年代,而非30—50年代。根据历史文献重建温度变化,必须结合文献形成的历史背景,因为同时期的人文社会背景,会影响到历史文献记载的可靠性。     

祁连山北坡青海云杉林生境特征分析

青海云杉林分布格局深受环境影响,量化其分布与环境之间的关系对该种群管理、恢复与重建具有重要的意义,但目前仍然缺乏量化研究成果。本研究选择祁连山北坡青海云杉林为研究对象,以数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)和青海云杉林分布图为基础数据,利用地理信息系统(GIS)空间分析方法,着重量化分析祁连山青海云杉林的生态幅度和地形特征,得出祁连山北坡青海云杉生境的气候边界函数,并界定青海云杉林分布的海拔、坡度以及坡向范围。该项研究目的在于数量化表达青海云杉林空间分布的气候和地形幅度,为退耕退牧还林提供科学支撑,为气候变化条件下青海云杉林的响应研究奠定基础。     

Sustainable land-use patterns for arid lands:A case study in the northern slope areas of the Tianshan Mountains

Sustainable land use patterns are ecological and economic prerequisites of regional sustainable development. This is especially true for arid lands, where the environment is wholly fragile thanks to extremely limited precipitation, and where human activities have greatly transformed natural desert system by clearing natural vegetation, expanding oases and even building dams on inland rivers. However, the current studies on land use patterns are still characterized by field investigations and case studies, with almost no solid scientific basis. This paper holds that land types and their combination patterns are the principal basis for designing sustainable land use patterns, and that GIS and RS-based large-scale land type mapping and the study of their spatial combination structures should be coordinated with the demand of social development. The existing environmental problems induced by irrational land use mostly result from their deviation from the natural properties of land types. Taking the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains (NSTM) as an example and considering land type patterns as the basis of land use patterns, this paper improves the vertical oasis- and-mid-mountain two-belts development model and the sustainable mountain land use model for arid lands put forward in recent years; and in terms of oases patterns, it outlines oasis development models, including intensive land use pattern in alluvial-diluvial fans, moderate agricultural development pattern in alluvial plains, and ecological land use pattern in river-end oases.     

Geochronology and geochemistry of gneissic metagranites in eastern Dabie Mountains:Implications for the Neoproterozoic tectono-magmatism along the northeastern margin of the Yangtze Block

The gneissic metagranites with Neoproterozoic protolith ages are widely exposed along the eastern margin of the Dabie ultra-high-pressure(UHP) metamorphic belt.In this paper,five representative plutons,including Huangzhen,Daba,Shima,Shuanghe,and Sanzusi,were selected for a detailed chronological and geochemical study aiming to identify the nature of the protoliths and to reveal their implications for the Neoproterozoic tectono-magmatic evolution along the northeastern margin of the Yangtze Block.These gneissic metagranites consist mainly of quartz,albite(oligoclase) and K-feldspar,and minor amphibole and biotite,as well as some metamorphic minerals due to the UHP metamorphism,such as phengite,epidote and minor kyanite and garnet.Mafic alkaline minerals(e.g.,aegirine or aegirine-augite) have been observed in some of these plutons.Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating results indicate that the protoliths of the gneissic metagranites have been generated in Mid-Neoproterozoic(770-780 Ma),and suffered both ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism in Early Mesozoic and subsequently high-pressure eclogite-facies recrystallization at about 215 Ma.Although the gneissic metagranites generally have high SiO2 contents(70.23%-77.23%) and show metaluminous-weakly peraluminous signatures(ASI=0.90-1.05),there are still some geochemical variances between different plutons.Compared with the Sanzusi pluton,the metagranites from the Huangzhen,Daba,Shima,and Shuanghe have high K2O+Na2O contents(7.76%-9.45%),FeOtotal/(FeOtotal+MgO) ratios(0.82-0.96),HFSEs and Ga concentrations with an average 104×Ga/Al ratio up to 3.07.Combined with the features that the four plutons commonly contain aegirine-augite and have high zircon saturation temperatures(816-918°C),it is suggested that their proto-liths belong to peralkaline A-type granites.The Sanzusi pluton generally contains biotite and epidote generated from metamorphic reaction of amphibole,and is chemically enriched in calcium and depleted in potassium with K2O/Na2O ratios ranging from 0.42 to 0.54,suggesting their protoliths should be ascribed to calc-alkaline granitoids(I-type).The gneissic metagranites in the eastern margin of Dabie Mountains show both arc-and rift-like geochemical signatures,and their protoliths likely have been generated by reworking of the preexisting arc-related crust under an extensional setting,suggesting that the northeastern margin of the Yangtze Block during the Middle Neoproterozoic likely have been under the initial stage of a passive rifting rather than in an active rifting setting typically induced by the upwelling of a mantle plume.