1960～2010年漓江流域降水变化特征研究

利用漓江流域及周边地区25个降水观测点50年的监测数据,通过Mapgis 6.7计算流域年降水量和月降水量。在此基础上,采用变差系数法、5年滑动平均法和Mann-Kendall检验法,分析漓江流域1960~2010年降水变化规律。结果表明:(1)1960~2010年,漓江流域降水年际动态为波动增加,年降水量每10a增加23.1mm;其中1970~2010年间,漓江流域年降水变化表现为波动减少,年降水量每10a减少14.6mm;但增减趋势都没有通过显著性检验;(2)漓江流域年内降水具有典型的雨季和旱季交替特征,雨季降水占全年降水的76.26%;(3)漓江流域月降水量随时间变化具有规律性的增减,其中1月和6月降水量随着时间推移增加,4月降水量随着时间推移而减少,1、4、6月的这种增减趋势通过99%的显著性检验;(4)漓江流域降水年内变化幅度比年际明显,年降水量变差系数小于0.18,月降水量变差系数大于0.61。     

基于统计学的中国典型大城市CO2排放达峰研究

对选取的36个中国典型大城市,分析2005—2019年直接CO2排放与总CO2排放特征,构建基于条件判断函数和Mann-Kendall趋势分析检验法的城市CO2排放达峰判断模型,判断36个城市排放是否达峰,并对达峰城市特征和处于不同排放阶段的典例城市进行深入分析.结果表明,36个典型大城市中,昆明、深圳与武汉3个城市已...     

额尔古纳河流域近50年水文气象要素变化分析

应用预置白处理后的Mann—Kendall非参数检验方法及小波分析方法,分析了额尔古纳河流域20个水文气象站点近50年水文气象要素(气温、降水和径流)的变化趋势以及典型站点降雨量、径流量的多时间尺度特征。同时应用聚类分析方法推算了径流量序列的突变点。结果表明,该区域气温呈现明显升高的趋势,其中海拉尔站可能由于城市化进程的影响气温升高幅度最大。流域年降水总量变化趋势不显著,但某些月份降水量存在明显增加或者减小的趋势,其中显著增加的月份为11、12和1月,显著减小的月份为7、8月;降水趋势显著变化的站点主要分布在该流域的呼伦湖水系和海拉尔河水系。流域年径流量有减少趋势但不显著,然而4、5月份大多数站点径流量出现显著减少趋势。小波分析表明,典型站点年降水量存在25a左右的主周期,年径流量存在20～26a的主周期。各个站点径流量序列的显著跳跃点大都发生在1999年,这与通过小波分析得出的有关突变点的结论相一致。     

1961-2004年新疆气候突变分析

利用1961-2004年新疆53个气象台站逐日平均最高气温、平均最低气温和降水数据,采用Mann-Kendall法分别对北疆、天山山区和南疆气温、日较差和降水年序列进行了突变分析,同时利用滑动t检验和Yamamoto法对突变点的真伪做了验证.结果表明:1961-2004年北疆、天山山区和南疆年平均最低气温上升速率均明显高于年平均最高气温,年平均日较差均呈显著下降趋势,年降水量均有增加趋势.北疆年均最低气温、年平均日较差及年降水量分别在1988年、1979年和1984年发生了突变;天山山区年均最低气温、年平均日较差及年降水量分别在1985年、1983年和1992年发生了突变;南疆年平均最高气温、年均最低气温及年平均日较差分别在1993年、1991年和1981年发生了突变.20世纪80年代中期以来北疆、天山山区、南疆均进入增温多雨时期.这些结果对进一步研究和预测新疆气候有着重要意义,为研究全国甚至全球气候变化提供重要依据,同时也为决策者提供决策依据.     

1974—2010年雅鲁藏布江源头杰玛央宗冰川及冰湖变化初步研究

青藏高原冰川和冰湖是气候变化敏感的指示器.基于1974年的地形图及其生成的DEM数据、1990年和2000年的TM影像、2005年和2010年的ETM+影像、以及2010年和2009年的GPS实测数据,应用3S技术分析了1974—2010年37a来雅鲁藏布江源头杰玛央宗冰川和冰湖的变化特征.结果表明:冰川面积减小了5.02%(21.78km2减小至20.67km2)、冰川末端退缩了768m(速度为21m.a-1);冰湖面积增加了63.7%(0.70km2增加至1.14km2),冰湖体积扩大约9.8×106 m3.普兰县气象站的观测资料表明,近37a来气温呈快速上升趋势,而降雨量明显减少,气候暖干化是杰玛央宗冰川和冰湖变化的主要原因.若该区气候的暖干趋势进一步加剧,必然导致杰玛央宗冰川退缩进一步加剧,冰湖溃决的可能性将会增大.     

改革开放以来中国社会消费水平的区域格局变化

通过对改革开放以来中国区域社会消费水平差异、格局变化和形成机制的研究,表明改革开放以来省区间的社会消费水平的差异总体呈现扩大趋势,但其中有一定的波动。通过突变点分析,认为改革开放以来中国区域社会消费水平差异变化可划分为1978～1987年和1987～2008年两个阶段。1978年中国社会消费水平的南北区域差异格局显著;1987年中国社会消费水平的区域差异既有南北地区的差异,又有东西部的差异;2008年中国社会消费水平总体呈现明显的东中西阶梯差异的格局。1978年形成中国社会消费水平区域格局主要受各地区城乡居民人均储蓄、人均财政支出和第一产业产值比例因素的影响;1987年形成中国社会消费水平区域格局主要受人均GDP、交通通达水平和第三产业产值比例因素的影响;2008年形成中国社会消费水平区域格局主要受人均GDP、城乡居民人均收入和城乡居民人均储蓄因素的影响。     

Trends in precipitation over the low latitude highlands of Yunnan, China

The precipitation regime of the low latitude highlands of Yunnan in Southwest China is subject to the interactions between the East Asian Summer Monsoon and the Indian Summer Monsoon, and the influence of surface orography. An understanding of changes in its spatial and temporal patterns is urgently needed for climate change projection, hydrologi- cal impact modelling, and regional and downstream water resources management. Using daily precipitation records of the low latitude highlands over the last several decades （1950s-2007）, a time series of precipitation indices, including annual precipitation, number of rainy days, mean annual precipitation intensity, the dates of the onset of the rainy season, degree and period of precipitation seasonal concentration, the highest 1-day, 3-day and 7-day precipitation, and precipitation amount and number of rainy days for precipitation above dif- ferent intensities （such as 〉~10 mm, 〉~25 mm and 〉~50 mm of daily precipitation）, was con- structed. The Trend-Free Pre-Whitening Mann-Kendall trend test was then used to detect trends of the time series data. The results show that there is no significant trend in annual precipitation and strong seasonal differentiation of precipitation trends across the low latitude highlands. Springs and winters are getting wetter and summers are getting drier. Autumns are getting drier in the east and wetter in the west. As a consequence, the seasonality of pre- cipitation is weakening slightly. The beginning of the rainy season and the period of the highest precipitation tend to be earlier. In the meantime, the low latitude highlands has also witnessed less rainy days, more intense precipitation, slightly longer moderate and heavy precipitation events, and more frequent extreme precipitation events. Additionally, regional differentiation of precipitation trends is remarkable. These variations may be associated with weakening of the East Asian summer monsoon and strengthening of the South Asian summer monsoon, as well as the ＂corridor-barrier＂ effects of special mountainous terrain. However, the physical mechanisms involved still need to be uncovered in the future.     

60年来黄河流域径流量时空变化(英文)

Water discharge data of the Yellow River over the past 60 years was analyzed using the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and Mann-Kendall (MK) test methods to identify spatial and temporal variation patterns. Potential connections between water discharge in the Yellow River Basin and El Ni o/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) were also examined by the cross wavelet and wavelet coherence methods. CWT results show that the periodic oscillations in water discharges had occurred at the temporal scales of 1-, 2to 4-, 6to 8and 10to 22-year. It was also found that at the annual timescale (1-year) the phase relations between water discharge and ENSO were indistinct probably due to the strong influence by human disturbances. However, over the longer time scales, the phase relation becomes much clearer with an anti-phase relation being found mainly at inter-annual scale (2to 8-year) and in-phase relation at decadal scale (16to 22-year). According to the MK test results water discharge at most stations except Tangnaihai have decreased significantly and the abrupt change occurred in the mid-1980s or the early 1990s. The changes in water discharge were found to be influenced by both climate changes and human activities. Before 1970 the change in water discharge was positively related to precipitation variations in the river basin, but after 1970 the decrease in water discharge has been largely caused by various human activities including constructions of reservoirs, water abstraction and water-soil conservation with water abstraction being the main cause.     

1958-2007年海河流域降水时空变异(英文)

The seasonal variability and spatial distribution of precipitation are the main cause of flood and drought events.The study of spatial distribution and temporal trend of precipitation in river basins has been paid more and more attention.However,in China,the precipita- tion data are measured by weather stations(WS)of China Meteorological Administration and hydrological rain gauges(RG)of national and local hydrology bureau.The WS data usually have long record with fewer stations,while the RG data usually hav...     

基于多源遥感数据的生态系统服务功能时空演变趋势分析

研究区域生态系统服务功能的时空演变趋势,有助于揭示人类活动或气候变化对该区域生态环境的影响,从而为生态系统服务功能的保育和管理提供依据.本文以淮安市为研究区,通过在时间维上拓展生态系统服务功能重要性评估的遥感指数法,计算了2000—2018每年的水源涵养、水土保持和生物多样性维护功能,并利用Mann-Kendall非参...