保定暴雨气候特征及其变化趋势

利用1974-2012年保定19个气象台站逐日降水资料,采用线性趋势分析、Morlet小波变换、Mann-Kendall法和功率谱等方法,对保定市暴雨发生站次数的时间和空间分布特征及变化进行分析。结果表明：保定地区暴雨年平均发生站次数北多南少,暴雨主要集中在东北部;汛期（6-8月）是暴雨出现的主要时段,最集中的时段则出现在主汛期（7-8月）;暴雨站次数从5月中旬开始呈现缓慢增加趋势,6月下旬猛增,7月下旬达到最高值;近39 a来,年暴雨发生站次数整体呈下降趋势,尤其是8月下降趋势最为明显。保定主汛期暴雨发生站次数在20世纪80年代中期存在着由少到多的突变,90年代末期存在着由多到少的突变     

近25 年三北防护林工程区土地退化及驱动力分析

以长时间序列的遥感数据NOAA/AVHRR NDVI 为基础, 利用Sen 趋势度与Mann-Kendall 分析法相结合的方式分析了三北防护林工程区1982 年到2006 年土地退化趋势,结合气候因子降雨,运用残差法模型评价了人类活动在工程区内土地退化中所起的作用。结果表明:区域内土地退化程度整体趋于减轻,即植被上升的区域大于下降的区域,13.00%的地区退化程度显著减轻,6.20%的地区退化程度显著加重。其中绝大多数省份的土地退化程度趋于减轻,尤以内蒙古、青海和新疆最为明显,只有甘肃省土地退化程度明显趋于加重。而人类活动对植被变化起显著正作用的占11.93%,显著负作用的为6.19%。这说明在干旱、半干旱区,由于降雨随时间的变化不显著,对植被变化的影响相对较为微弱,植被显著变化主要受人类活动的影响。     

陕西年降水量变化特征及周期分析

以1959-2009年陕西省各气象站逐旬降水资料为基础,采用墨西哥帽小波函数,线性趋势分析以及Mann-Kendall检验法,对陕西省51 a降水的时空分布特征及趋势进行分析,揭示了陕西省降水变化的多时间尺度的复杂结构,分析了不同时间尺度下降水序列变化的周期和突变点,并确定了主要周期。结果表明：（1）陕西省年降水量年际变化大且时空分布极不均匀,降水量从北部向南部递增,呈南多北少特征,大致上为纬向分布。陕北、关中、陕南年降水量多年平均值依次为279 mm、563 mm、840 mm。三大区域年均降水变化相对较为平稳,近51 a来,研究区内年均降水总体呈北部和南部略微下降,中部微弱上升的变化格局,线性倾向率分别为-5.110 mm/10 a、-3.758 mm/10 a、1.908 mm/10 a;（2）陕西省年均降水量有3～7 a,10～17 a,17～30 a周期,以中时间尺度10～17 a的少-多交替最为明显。在微观尺度上,陕北、关中、陕南地区的周期均表现得零乱且不显著。中观尺度,关中和陕南的降水周期比较显著,为10～17 a,陕北的降水周期表现得不十分规律。宏观尺度,陕北的降水周期为23～30 a,关中和陕南较为相似,为18～25 a;（3）Mann-Kendall检验发现1993年是陕西省年均降水量增加的一个显著突变点,2009年以后陕西省将处于多雨期。     

泾河流域气候变化及其与ENSO的关系

ENSO(厄尔尼诺-南方涛动)常引起大气环流的改变并导致气候异常,探讨区域气候变化与ENSO的关系有助于理解区域水文等各方面的变化.通过Mann-Kendall、相关性检验和小波分析等方法.研究了1960-2005年泾河流域气候变化及其与ENSO的关系.结果表明,1960-2005年,泾河流域气候趋向暖干,且这种趋势在90年代以来愈加显著.气候变化与ENSO有显著的关系.降水对ENSO的响应程度强于温度;降水可能受南方涛动的影响比较大,而温度可能受海表温度的影响较多;ENSO暖事件对泾河流域气候变化的影响可能大于冷事件.     

Study on time-spatial changes and sudden characteristic of Winter Mongolia High

Based on the 155 years global monthly mean sea surface pressure data （Jan. 1850-Dec. 2004） from Hadley Centre, the time spatial change and sudden characteristics of the Winter Mongolia High are studied. First, the winter SLP distribution in Asia and the North Pacific are analyzed by the EOF method. Second, main cycle sequences of the Winter Mongolia High are reconstructed by the Singular Spectrum Analysis method, with special emphasis on the interdecadal periodic changes. Finally, the abrupt climate change is examined by the Mann-Kendall method. Results show that the Winter Mongolia High has quasi-biennial oscillation and a 3-4-year cycle of interannual change, also has a decadal variation for the 13-14-year cycle and interdecadal cycles for 20-21 years and 35-36 years. The 20-21-year cycle of WMHI is of the opposite phase to Aleutian Low, while the 35-36-year cycle is of the same phase. Otherwise, a significant abrupt climate change point in 1927 has been detected.     

陕北地区1960-2013年极端气温指数

以陕北地区1960-2013年的逐日气温数据为基础,运用Mann-Kendall非参数检验法,分析了该区极端气温指数及其变化趋势。结果表明：（1）陕北地区年平均气温、最高和最低气温分别以0.27、0.24、0.28℃/10a的速率显著增加（P<0.05）,各站点气温指标均上升,且冬季变暖幅度最大,春季次之。（2）最低气温极高值、暖夜、暖日分别以0.054℃/10a、1.83d/10a、1.4d/10a显著增大;年日最高气温极高值与生长日长度增幅分别为0.092℃/10a、2.4d/10a;暖日、暖夜各季节亦显著上升;气温日较差以-0.036℃/10a的速率减小。除气温日较差外,其余指数均有50%以上的站点呈上升趋势。（3）最高气温极低值增幅为0.217℃/10a;最低气温极低值、冷日减幅分别为-0.015℃/10a、-0.48d/10a;冷夜以-0.98d/10a的速率显著减小;霜日及冰日分别以2.2/10a、2.4d/10a的速率显著减小。除最低气温极低值及最高气温极低值外,其余指数均有100%的站点呈下降趋势。4）暖指数的增大幅度大于冷指数的减小幅度,夜指数的减小幅度大于昼指数增大幅度。极端气温的两极化分布趋势导致研究区域高温、旱灾及冰冻等灾害的频发。     

渭干河流域生态水文时间序列特征及影响因素

以渭干河流域水系中的库车河兰干站、渭干河黑孜水库站、渭干河千佛洞（合成）水库站为例,对R/S和Mann-Kendall法用于水文时间序列存在的不足进行了讨论,提出了将这两种方法相结合来分析水文时间序列的变化趋势。结果表明：库车河兰干站、渭干河黑孜水库站、渭干河千佛洞（合成）水库站赫斯特指数0 < H < 0.5、统计量UF_k>0,未来径流量呈显著下降趋势,渭-库绿洲的自然和人为因素对该地区的生态水文产生一定影响。     

Inter-annual variation of streamflow,precipitation and evaporation in a small humid watershed (Chengcun Basin,China)

For sustainable water resource management,it is important to determine the relationship between streamfl ow and other variables that infl uence availability of water resources.However,many catchments do not have suffi cient data to allow for a more detailed study of these relationships.We faced a similar challenge in the Chengcun Basin(limited historical data: from 1986–1999); and therefore we used a new approach to overcome this.We found that,using nonparametric trend methods in conjunction with the climate elasticity analyses and the 2D visualization of hydrologic data,it is possible to assess the relationships between streamfl ow and other hydro-climatic variables.In the past,streamfl ow trends in the basin were more correlated with precipitation than with potential evapotranspiration(PET).In addition,there is a gradual shift in the hydrological regime of the catchment,which may affect the occurrence of available water resources and activities that depend on them.In addition,based on our climate sensitivity analyses,the streamfl ow is dependent and more sensitive to variations in precipitation than to PET(δQ=0.79δP+0.42δE; precipitation elasticity,ε P=1.32; PET elasticity,ε E=-2.10).Therefore pending more detailed studies,the use of our approach will provide a rapid means to assess the variation of water resources(streamfl ow)in a watershed.In the future,we hope to carry out related research in other watersheds and also perform a more detailed studies to improve upon the results of this study.     

Runoff characteristics of the Nen River Basin and its cause

Based on annual runoff data collected from several hydrological stations in the Nen River Basin from 1956 to 2004,the cumulative filter method,Mann-Kendall method and Morlet wavelet analysis were used to analyze variations in the characteristics and factors influencing runoff.Specifically,the general characteristics list as：The distribution of runoff was found to be uneven within a year,and the annual variation showed an overall decreasing trend.The abrupt change points of runoff were found to be in the early 1960s,middle 1980s and late 1990s.Multiple time scales analysis revealed three time-scale cycles,a long-term cycle of about 20-35 years with a scale center of 25 years,another cycle of about 8-15 years with a scale center of 11 years and a short-term cycle of about 5 years.Based on the Morlet wavelet transform coefficients figure of the 25-year time scale,it is preliminarily estimated that the Nen River Basin will enter a high flow period in 2013.The results obtained using various methods were consistent with each other.The physical causes of the results were also analyzed to confirm their accuracy.     

黑河流域下游额济纳三角洲气候及生态环境变化分析

气候是生态环境变化的重要驱动因子,分析其变化特征对生态环境监测具有重要意义。本文以生态环境急剧恶化的黑河流域下游额济纳三角洲为研究对象,利用1960~2012年额济纳气象站的气温、降水资料,采用Mann-Kendall检验、回归分析及累积距平曲线分析气候特征,结合重标极差(R/S)分析法预测未来趋势。结果表明:近53 a额济纳三角洲气温显著升高、降水无明显趋势;气温年代际增温幅度差异明显,1980年代、1990年代增幅最大;降水呈"少—多—少"波动变化,21世纪暖干化明显;暖冬现象显著。结合GIMMS-NDVI及东居延海面积、正义峡径流量,通过Pearson相关分析,结果表明:气候暖干化及黑河干流下泄量减少导致东居延海萎缩盐化、植被退化;2003年以后东居延海面积增加是2002年开始人为生态输水的结果,而非气候暖湿化的表现。