Assessment of drought trend and variability in India using wavelet transform

ABSTRACT

This paper presents an analysis of trends in six drought variables at 566 stations across India over the period 1901–2002. Six drought variables were computed using standardized precipitation index (SPI). The Mann-Kendall (MK) trend test and Sen’s slope estimator were used for trend analysis of drought variables. Discrete wavelet transform (DWT) was used to identify the dominant periodic components in trends, whereas the significance of periodic components was examined using continuous wavelet transform (CWT) based global wavelet spectrum (GWS). Our results show an increasing trend in droughts in eastern, northeastern and extreme southern regions, and a decreasing trend in the northern and southern regions of the country. The periodic component influencing the trend was 2–4 years in south, 4–8 years in west, east and northeast, 8–64 years in central parts and 32–128 years in the north; however, most of the periodic components were not statistically significant.     

1959—2018年沈阳地区冻土时空变化特征

利用1959年10月至2018年4月沈阳地区7个气象站逐日冻土观测资料、逐日平均气温、逐日平均地温及5 cm、10 cm、15 cm、20 cm、40 cm地温观测资料,分析了近60 a沈阳地区最大冻土深度的时空变化特征,并探讨了其对气候变暖的响应。结果表明：近60 a来沈阳地区冻土一般在10月开始出现,翌年4月消融。1959-2018年沈阳地区年平均月最大冻土深度在2月和3月最大,10月最小;年最大冻土深度以-4.8 cm/10 a的速度显著变浅,年代平均最大冻土深度也呈变浅趋势。相关分析表明,近60 a沈阳地区日最大冻土深度与日平均气温、地温呈显著负相关关系,相关系数分别为-0.60和-0.72。Mann-Kendall检验表明,7个气象站年平均最大冻土深度均有突变发生,突变点大多出现在20世纪80年代。近60 a沈阳地区最大冻土深度开始日期和结束日期分别呈延后和提前趋势,趋势率分别为1.0 d/10 a和-3.2 d/10 a。1959-2018年沈阳地区平均冻土持续时间为164 d,年变化呈缩短趋势,趋势率为-4.4 d/10 a。     

青海省近50年极端降水事件时空分布特征

基于线性倾向估计、小波分析、Mann-Kendall检验及空间插值等方法,对1962—2013年28个均匀分布在青海省内的气象站点数据近50 a(1962—2013年)极端降水事件的时空特征进行了分析。结果表明,在长期趋势上青海省极端降水事件呈上升趋势,其强度与频数变化分别具有28 a和15 a±的主周期,并且少数站点在20世纪90年代发生突变;青海省内的极端降水事件在空间上存在明显差异,整体呈自西向东逐渐增强的特征,极端降水事件在南部地区发生频率总体高于北部地区,东南部发生极端降水的频率最高;近50 a青海省内大部分地区极端降水事件的强度与频数均呈上升趋势,其中东北部地区极端降水事件的强度上升趋势较为明显,仅有东南端与西北端呈现下降趋势,极端降水事件频数的上升趋势由东南端及西北端分别向中部加强。     

Inter-decadal Variability of the East Asian Summer Monsoon and Its Impact on Hydrologic Variables in the Haihe River Basin,China

Wavelet analysis and Mann-Kendall tests are employed to evaluate the variation in the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and hydrological variables in the Haihe River basin calculated by the Variable Infiltration Capacity model. The relationships between those variables and the EASM are also examined. The results indicate consistent 40a periodic variation in both the hydrological variables and the EASM. The hydrologic variables show downward trends in the Haihe River basin over the past 60 years, especially in piedmont regions of the Taihang-Yan Mountains. The variables are closely related to the EASM, whose continuous weakening since the 1970 s has resulted in prolonged drought and severe water shortages in the basin. The periodicity of the EASM index was analyzed using continuous wavelet transform methods. We found the most significant periodic signal of the EASM is ~80 years; therefore, the EASM may reinforce and reach a maximum in the 2040 s, resulting in more precipitation and other impacts on basin water resources. Hydrologic variables in the basin in the 2040 s are predicted, and their spatial distributions in the Haihe River basin are also discussed. These results allow for the estimation of water resources under forecasted EASM, which will be useful for water resources management in the Haihe River basin.     

Trend analysis using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) for long-term precipitation (1851–2006) over India

This study is an attempt to determine the trends in monthly, annual and monsoon total precipitation series over India by applying linear regression, the Mann-Kendall (MK) test and discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The linear regression test was applied on five consecutive classical 30-year climate periods and a long-term precipitation series (1851–2006) to detect changes. The sequential Mann-Kendall (SQMK) test was applied to identify the temporal variation in trend. Wavelet transform is a relatively new tool for trend analysis in hydrology. Comparison studies were carried out between decomposed series by DWT and original series. Furthermore, visualization of extreme and contributing events was carried out using the wavelet spectrum at different threshold values. The results showed that there are significant positive trends for annual and monsoon precipitation series in North Mountainous India (zone NMI) and North East India (NEI), whereas negative trends were detected when considering India as whole.

EDITOR A. Castellarin ASSOCIATE EDITOR S. Kanae     

Trend assessment of annual instantaneous maximum flows in Turkey

A comprehensive evaluation of trends in annual instantaneous maximum flows (AIMF) from 153 gauge stations located in 26 river basins in Turkey is presented. Two traditional non-parametric trend tests, the Mann-Kendall (MK) and Spearman’s rho (SR), are used to quantify the significance of trends, while Sen’s slope method is applied to determine the magnitude of trends. The traditional tests indicate that the AIMF records of 57 stations showed statistically decreasing trends, while those of six stations showed an increasing trend. Sen’s trend method, which provides more detailed assessment of the trends in different clusters (low, medium and high), was applied to the AIMF series and the results were compared with traditional tests. Sen’s trend method indicated that all flow clusters at nine stations have increasing or decreasing trends, although no significant trend was detected by the MK and SR tests.     

鄱阳湖流域水沙时空演变特征及其机理

运用改进的Mann-Kendall(M-K)趋势与突变检验以及线性回归分析等方法,系统分析了鄱阳湖流域的赣江、抚河、信江、饶河和修河等五大支流的5个主要水文控制站(外洲、李家渡、梅港、虎山、万家埠)1956-2005年的水沙序列,在系统搜集流域内水库信息的基础上,深入探讨了流域内水沙变化的原因.研究结果表明:(1)鄱阳湖流域各支流的水沙变化特征相异;除李家渡站径流无明显变化外,其余4站都有增加趋势(但未达到95%的置信度水平1.五大支流的输沙量变化比较复杂,外洲站、李家渡、梅港站和虎山站的输沙量在1985年以后减少的趋势显著,而万家埠站的输沙量直到1999年才开始减少;(2)森林覆盖率对输沙量变化的影响远远大于其对径流变化的影响,森林对减少湿季径流量的作用不明显,但对枯季径流量增加的影响显著.(3)水利设施(尤其是水库)对五大支流的水沙变化影响很大,尤其对输沙量的影响最为明显,这也是鄱阳湖流域大部分水文观测站输沙量减少的主要原因.     

江南运河水文情势变化分析

随着太湖流域城镇化进程的加快,江南运河水文情势发生了明显变化。基于运河代表站水位资料、水利分区降雨资料、沿长江(江苏段)主要口门引排水量、出入太湖水量资料,采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验与突变检验法,对代表站水位进行了研究,并初步提出运河水文情势变化的可能原因。结果表明:(1)常州年最高水位及汛期5月、9月平均水位上升可能与湖西区四闸净引水量上升有关;而洛社与无锡(大)汛期5月、9月平均水位上升与武澄锡虞区沿长江(江苏段)口门净引水量显著上升有关,6月、7月、8月平均水位上升可能与地区涝水出路受阻导致原先入太湖的水量改为入运河有关;受张家港、十一圩闸、望虞闸引水及运河上游来水的共同影响,苏州(枫桥)亦出现水位同步上升的趋势。(2)运河代表站水位变异点主要发生在90年代中后期到21世纪初期,与太湖流域各省市陆续进入城镇化快速发展阶段的时间基本一致;同样的降雨,城镇化快速发展后的水位涨幅均明显高于城镇化快速发展前,以无锡(大)最明显。     

宁夏回族自治区持续性旱灾的气候背景

基于宁夏地区1978—2010年旱灾灾情要素年资料和23个气象站1971—2011年月平均气温和月降水量资料,运用Mann-Kendall趋势分析和突变检验方法,详细分析了该地区近33年旱灾灾情及近41年气候的时空变化特征,在此基础上,剖析了持续性旱灾产生的气候背景。结果表明：1978—2010年宁夏地区旱灾呈持续性加重趋势,受灾人口、农作物受灾面积和直接经济损失增速分别为28.78万人/10a、3.16万hm²/10a和8 504.04万元/10a。空间变化上,旱灾加重速度由中部向北、向南呈减慢趋势。1971—2011年宁夏地区气候总体呈暖干化趋势,年平均气温、平均最高气温和最低气温的升温率分别为0.42 ℃/10a、0.37 ℃/10a和0.50 ℃/10a,增暖表现为全年温度升高,年平均气温和平均最高气温于20世纪90年代早期发生了显著增暖突变;降水量呈减少趋势,但不显著。宁夏持续性旱灾是气温持续快速上升和降水量减少共同作用的结果,其中气温显著增高是该地区干旱灾害加剧的主要气候因素。     

叶尔羌河上游不同流域夏季气候和径流变化研究

叶尔羌河是以冰雪补给为主的河流,径流的变化主要受气温和降水的影响,其中, 气温起主导作用. 基于1972-2011年近40 a的气温降水和径流的实测资料,分析叶尔羌河上游不同流域地区夏季气温、降水、蒸发以及径流的变化特征及相关性. 结果表明：库鲁克栏杆站夏季降水显著增加,蒸发减少,其余要素没有变化趋势;后20 a（1992-2011年）较之前20 a（1972-1991年）气温、降水和径流的变化分别为-0.6℃、40%、4%,径流的增加是春季融雪增多、降水增大、蒸发减少和溃决洪水补充的结果. 塔什库尔干站夏季各要素均没有变化趋势,后20 a较之前20 a气温、降水和径流的变化分别为0.4℃、27%、20%,径流的增加主要是由气温增加引起的,降水的增加补充一部分径流.