基于FLAC3D的超长大直径钢管桩竖向承载特性模拟

近年来,超长大直径钢管桩在工程中的应用已越来越多,但对其承载特性的研究却很少,设计中仍然参考普通桩的计算理论。本文采用三维连续介质快速拉格朗日法(FLAC3D)对实际工程中一超长大直径开口钢管桩试桩的竖向承载特性及沉降特性进行了数值模拟分析,并将模拟结果与静载荷竖向承载特性试验实测结果进行了对比,两者相互补充和相互验证,取得了比较一致的结果,表明了本文所编制的有限差分程序用以初步模拟分析超长大直径钢管桩承载特性的可行性。研究结果表明:超长大直径钢管桩是典型的端承摩擦型桩;桩侧摩阻力随深度的变化很复杂,其变化与土性密切相关;桩身轴力向下传递的速度与桩侧摩阻力在不同土层中的发挥程度息息相关。这些结论对实际工程中超长大直径钢管桩基础的设计具有参考意义。     

土质边坡空间临界滑动面搜索的优化算法

将二维均质土坡作为平面应变问题,假定滑动面是一个圆弧,将滑弧圆心与半径转变为后缘剪入点、坡脚剪出点和过后缘点滑弧切线与x轴的交点等3个点的横坐标,然后以这3个参数为变量,给定合理的取值区间,应用黄金分割法搜索二维边坡的最小稳定系数及相应的临界滑动面。进一步假定均质土坡的三维空间滑动面为一旋转椭球体,旋转椭球体的竖向中轴面和二维的圆弧面一致,给定椭球体不同的水平轴半径值,采用以上二维滑动面搜索方法可求出不同水平半径所对应的三维最小稳定系数及相应的椭球面。结果表明:边坡的三维稳定系数没有极小值,但有极限值;对于横向延伸长的无限边坡,三维稳定系数逼近二维稳定系数,当旋转椭球长轴与短轴之比大于3时,二者很接近,边坡稳定性可简化为二维来分析;对于受地形、地下水等条件约束的短边坡,三维效应明显,在考虑实际边界条件的情况下按三维来分析。     

相接双星大熊座AW的基本参量

根据作者提出的确定食双星基本参量的一个新方法,由光变极小时刻求出了相接双星大熊座AW的基本参量。证实了Rensing等人为了矫正相接双星邻近效应引起的谱线轮廓畸变所提出的模型对该双星的适用性;同时也证实了Mochnaski提出的计算相接双星质量的理论模型对该双星的适用性。另外还确认了大熊座AW是一个已演化的零龄相接双星。     

Chondrule size and related physical properties: A compilation and evaluation of current data across all meteorite groups

The examination of the physical properties of chondrules has generally received less emphasis than other properties of meteorites such as their mineralogy, petrology, and chemical and isotopic compositions. Among the various physical properties of chondrules, chondrule size is especially important for the classification of chondrites into chemical groups, since each chemical group possesses a distinct size-frequency distribution of chondrules. Knowledge of the physical properties of chondrules is also vital for the development of astrophysical models for chondrule formation, and for understanding how to utilize asteroidal resources in space exploration. To examine our current knowledge of chondrule sizes, we have compiled and provide commentary on available chondrule dimension literature data. We include all chondrite chemical groups as well as the acapulcoite primitive achondrites, some of which contain relict chondrules. We also compile and review current literature data for other astrophysically-relevant physical properties (chondrule mass and density). Finally, we briefly examine some additional physical aspects of chondrules such as the frequencies of compound and “cratered” chondrules. A purpose of this compilation is to provide a useful resource for meteoriticists and astrophysicists alike.     

Three-dimensional Extension of the Unit-Feature Spatial Classification Method for Cloud Type

We describe how the Unit-Feature Spatial Classification Method(UFSCM) can be used operationally to classify cloud types in satellite imagery efficiently and conveniently.By using a combination of Interactive Data Language(IDL) and Visual C++(VC) code in combination to extend the technique in three dimensions(3-D),this paper provides an efficient method to implement interactive computer visualization of the 3-D discrimination matrix modification,so as to deal with the bi-spectral limitations of traditional two dimensional(2-D) UFSCM.The case study of cloud-type classification based on FY-2C satellite data (0600 UTC 18 and 0000 UTC 10 September 2007) is conducted by comparison with ground station data, and indicates that 3-D UFSCM makes more use of the pattern recognition information in multi-spectral imagery,resulting in more reasonable results and an improvement over the 2-D method.     

Accurate 3D comparison of complex topography with terrestrial laser scanner: Application to the Rangitikei canyon (N-Z)

Surveying techniques such as terrestrial laser scanner have recently been used to measure surface changes via 3D point cloud (PC) comparison. Two types of approaches have been pursued: 3D tracking of homologous parts of the surface to compute a displacement field, and distance calculation between two point clouds when homologous parts cannot be defined. This study deals with the second approach, typical of natural surfaces altered by erosion, sedimentation or vegetation between surveys. Current comparison methods are based on a closest point distance or require at least one of the PC to be meshed with severe limitations when surfaces present roughness elements at all scales. To solve these issues, we introduce a new algorithm performing a direct comparison of point clouds in 3D. The method has two steps: (1) surface normal estimation and orientation in 3D at a scale consistent with the local surface roughness; (2) measurement of the mean surface change along the normal direction with explicit calculation of a local confidence interval. Comparison with existing methods demonstrates the higher accuracy of our approach, as well as an easier workflow due to the absence of surface meshing or Digital Elevation Model (DEM) generation. Application of the method in a rapidly eroding, meandering bedrock river (Rangitikei River canyon) illustrates its ability to handle 3D differences in complex situations (flat and vertical surfaces on the same scene), to reduce uncertainty related to point cloud roughness by local averaging and to generate 3D maps of uncertainty levels. We also demonstrate that for high precision survey scanners, the total error budget on change detection is dominated by the point clouds registration error and the surface roughness. Combined with mm-range local georeferencing of the point clouds, levels of detection down to 6 mm (defined at 95% confidence) can be routinely attained in situ over ranges of 50 m. We provide evidence for the self-affine behaviour of different surfaces. We show how this impacts the calculation of normal vectors and demonstrate the scaling behaviour of the level of change detection. The algorithm has been implemented in a freely available open source software package. It operates in complex 3D cases and can also be used as a simpler and more robust alternative to DEM differencing for the 2D cases.     

Are Fractal Dimensions of the Spatial Distribution of Mineral Deposits Meaningful?

It has been proposed that the spatial distribution of mineral deposits is bifractal. An implication of this property is that the number of deposits in a permissive area is a function of the shape of the area. This is because the fractal density functions of deposits are dependent on the distance from known deposits. A long thin permissive area with most of the deposits in one end, such as the Alaskan porphyry permissive area, has a major portion of the area far from known deposits and consequently a low density of deposits associated with most of the permissive area. On the other hand, a more equi-dimensioned permissive area, such as the Arizona porphyry permissive area, has a more uniform density of deposits. Another implication of the fractal distribution is that the Poisson assumption typically used for estimating deposit numbers is invalid. Based on datasets of mineral deposits classified by type as inputs, the distributions of many different deposit types are found to have characteristically two fractal dimensions over separate non-overlapping spatial scales in the range of 5–1000 km. In particular, one typically observes a local dimension at spatial scales less than 30–60 km, and a regional dimension at larger spatial scales. The deposit type, geologic setting, and sample size influence the fractal dimensions. The consequence of the geologic setting can be diminished by using deposits classified by type. The crossover point between the two fractal domains is proportional to the median size of the deposit type. A plot of the crossover points for porphyry copper deposits from different geologic domains against median deposit sizes defines linear relationships and identifies regions that are significantly underexplored. Plots of the fractal dimension can also be used to define density functions from which the number of undiscovered deposits can be estimated. This density function is only dependent on the distribution of deposits and is independent of the definition of the permissive area. Density functions for porphyry copper deposits appear to be significantly different for regions in the Andes, Mexico, United States, and western Canada. Consequently, depending on which regional density function is used, quite different estimates of numbers of undiscovered deposits can be obtained. These fractal properties suggest that geologic studies based on mapping at scales of 1:24,000 to 1:100,000 may not recognize processes that are important in the formation of mineral deposits at scales larger than the crossover points at 30–60 km.     

An efficient methodology for simulating earthquake‐induced 3D pounding of buildings

The current paper presents an efficient methodology for numerically simulating in three dimensions adjacent buildings that may experience pounding during strong earthquakes. In particular, a new approach to the numerical problem of spatial impact modeling that does not require the ‘a priori’ determination of the contact points is presented, taking also into account the geometry at the vicinity of an impact. In the current study, the buildings are simulated as linear multi‐degree‐of‐freedom‐systems, but the methodology can be easily extended to consider nonlinear behavior as well. A software application has been specifically developed to implement the proposed methodology, using modern object‐oriented design and programming. The developed software is utilized in a simple example, and the computed results are compared with the corresponding analysis results obtained from a commercial general‐purpose software application that uses typical contact elements for the simulation of impacts. A discussion follows on the advantages and capabilities of the proposed methodology and the developed software. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mesonic stiff fluid distribution in five dimensional Bianchi type space time

In this paper, we have constructed mesonic stiff fluid cosmological models in five dimensional LRS Bianchi type-I and Bianchi type-VI₀ space times in general theory of relativity. Some physical and geometrical properties of the models are discussed.     

Windows下二维气象绘图软件——客观分析诊断图形系统

客观分析诊断图形系统是一款操作界面友好的二维气象绘图软件，它运行于微软Windows操作系统下，具有多种数据接口，能够绘制等值线、流线、矢量、多种投影地图及不规则数据分布图等多种图形。客观分析诊断图形系统还能够对气象地面、探空数据进行客观分析诊断，并能根据用户所选择气压层、变量由客观分析诊断的结果绘制相应图形。