Impacts of land use and land cover changes on hydrological processes and sediment yield determined using the SWAT model

Land use and land cover (LULC) changes strongly affect local hydrology and sediment yields.The current study focused on a basin in the Brazilian Amazon and had the following three objectives:(1) to perform an effective diagnosis of flow and sediment yield,(2) to evaluate the impacts of LULC changes over the last 40 years on the hydro-sedimentological variables,and (3) to investigate the impacts of the possible trends or breaking points in the flow,surface runoff,and sediment yield series.The Soi...     

Identification of Milankovitch Cycles and Calculation of Net Primary Productivity of Paleo-peatlands using Geophysical Logs of Coal Seams

Individual coal seams formed in paleo-peatlands represent sustained periods of terrestrial carbon accumulation and a key environmental indicator attributed to this record is the rate of carbon accumulation. Determining the rate of carbon accumulation requires a measure of time contained within the coal. This study aimed to determine this rate via the identification of Milankovitch orbital cycles in the coals. The geophysical log is an ideal paleoclimate proxy and has been widely used in the study of sedimentary records using spectral analysis. Spectral analyses of geophysical log from thick coal seams can be used to identify the Milankovitch cycles and to calculate the period of the coal deposition. By considering the carbon loss during coalification, the long-term average carbon accumulation rate and net primary productivity (NPP) of paleo-peatlands in coal seams can be obtained. This review paper presents the procedures of analysis, assessment of results and interpretation of geophysical logs in determining the NPP of paleo-peatlands.     

汇聚背景下的多幕裂陷作用及其迁移机制:以南海北部珠江口盆地为例

南海的形成演化受控于印-澳、欧亚以及太平洋板块的相互运动,为研究汇聚背景下板块碰撞及其远程效应提供重要窗口。为了揭示该汇聚背景下的多幕裂陷过程,本文选取地质信息丰富的整个珠江口盆地为典型区,利用三条高精度地震剖面,对盆地各地质单元进行断层活动速率和构造沉降速率的定量计算及综合分析。结果表明盆地裂陷期东部、中部和西部主要控凹断层的平均活动速率分别为96 m/Ma、223 m/Ma和124 m/Ma,且其平均沉降速率依次为8.5 m/Ma、34 m/Ma和12.7 m/Ma,盆地整体呈现中部裂陷作用最强,其后向西部和东部逐渐减弱的特征。本文认为这与先存断裂以及初始地壳厚度有关:盆地东部和中部存在NE向先存断裂,并且东部先存断裂更加活跃,因此在新生代拉伸应力下东部更易表现为裂陷作用最强的区域,其次为中部和西部;而受前新生代时期俯冲作用的影响,岩浆的底垫作用引起盆地东部地壳增厚,东部裂陷作用强度急剧降低,造成裂陷作用强度的东西差异。此外,盆地南段凹陷裂陷期的断层活动和沉降速率发生激增,裂陷作用存在向南迁移的现象。本文推测在深度相关的伸展模式的影响下,南段凹陷地壳温度升高,强度减弱,因而在伸展应力下发生快速的拉伸减薄,导致裂陷中心向南迁移及岩浆物质上涌。同时,侵入的岩浆物质导致高角度正断层转换成低角度正断层,进一步促进裂陷中心向南迁移。     

Rapid assessment of beta dose variation inside cobbles,and implications for rock luminescence dating

Variation in beta dose rate within rocks may impact the results of rock surface luminescence dating, for both the burial age of cobbles and exposure age of rock surfaces. Current methods of rock surface luminescence dating assume that radionuclides are homogeneously distributed inside rocks. In this study, two rapid methods based on beta counting and on a portable XRF instrument were developed to measure the radioactivity of rock slices. These methods were applied to rock slices from four glaciofluvial granite cobbles that had previously been used for equivalent dose determination to test whether beta dose variation could be observed. Results from beta counting and K content from XRF show similar patterns and both vary along the depth profiles, but the magnitude of this variability is very different amongst the four cobbles. In rocks where the dose rate is highly variable, bleaching may not be the only source of variation of L_n/T_n or equivalent dose (D_e) along the luminescence-depth profile of cobbles, and it may be necessary to measure the beta dose rate for every single slice to determine whether multiple bleaching events are recorded or variations in D_e are due to dose rate heterogeneity.     

Luminescence and ESR dating of the sedimentary infill from the multi-level cave system of Alkerdi-Zelaieta (Navarre,N Spain)

The finding of Upper Paleolithic engravings in 2016 triggered a multidisciplinary investigation of the Alkerdi cave system (Urdazubi, N Spain). The study of the speleogenetic processes led to the identification of at least 6 paragenetic cave levels with associated sedimentary infill. In order to unravel the timing of changes in the karst dynamics and to get some insights about sediment origin, two sediment samples were collected from cave levels 4 and 1 for numerical dating purpose, using both Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) methods. One additional modern-age sample was also taken from the entrance of the karst to evaluate the magnitude of the optical bleaching achieved by the quartz grains before entering the cave system. Last, one sample was collected from a flowstone for U-series dating, providing independent age control.OSL measurements were carried out using small quartz multi-grain (MG) and single-grain (SG) Single Aliquot Regenerative-dose (SAR) protocol. Initial Equivalent Dose (D_e) results show evidence of saturated OSL signal for the sample of the higher level (with ∼60% of saturated aliquots). Unlike SA data, SG analyses do not meet the usual quality criteria (e.g., relatively high recuperation ratios, only a few grains with useable signal), suggesting that corresponding dating results should be treated with caution.Hence, both MG and SG TT-OSL and MG ESR methods were subsequently employed, as the corresponding signals are known to have higher saturation levels than OSL ones. ESR analyses were based on the Multiple Centre (MC) approach using the standard multi-grain multi-aliquot additive (MAA) dose method, while TT-OSL measurements were performed following Demuro et al. (2020). The latter, however, did not return any useful results for both samples. MC ESR data show the usual D_e pattern (D_e(Al)>D_e(Ti op. D)>D_e(Ti–H)) indicating that among the three ESR signals analyzed, the Ti–H most likely provides the closest estimate to the true burial age. However, low measurement repeatability and goodness-of-of fit indicate that the reliability of the ESR results may be reasonably questioned.Results derived from this multi-technique dating approach provide the first chronological constraints for the sedimentary infill of the Alkerdi cave system. In particular, they suggest that sediment deposition in Cave Level 4 (ALK-OSL01) occurred around 130 ka, which is in good agreement with the minimum age constraint given by the speleothem (80.5 ± 9.0 ka). In comparison, the young age obtained for sample ALK-OSL02 (5.0 ± 0.9 ka) suggests recent Holocene formation of the lowest cave level 1.Finally, the MG De value obtained for the modern sample is close to zero (<1 Gy), indicating that the OSL signal is almost fully reset at a multi-grain level before entering the cave. Additionally, despite the large De overdispersion measured in this modern sample, the De values are one to two order of magnitude lower than those obtained with the same model in the other two samples. Therefore, the large OSL D_e overdispersion (OD) values of up to 64% obtained for the two samples from Cave Level 4 and 1 are most likely related to re-sedimentation processes inside the cave system.     

变径稳定器在鄂北水平井钻井应用研究

鄂北大牛地、东胜气田施工水平井水平段长在1000~2000 m之间,以稳斜钻进为主,为保证稳斜效果,降低轨迹调整频次,减少滑动钻进进尺,主要采用双扶稳斜钻具组合,起到了较好的稳斜效果。但鄂北致密砂岩储层的非均质性强,水平段经常钻遇泥岩夹层而调整轨迹,造成双扶稳斜钻具组合在轨迹调整中存在造斜率低、无法快速调整达到地质目的的问题。通过分析不同钻具组合作用效果,配套应用变径稳定器,控制其井下工作状态,改变外径尺寸,使钻具组合、结构和作用效果发生变化,满足轨迹控制需求,实现整体水平段稳斜钻进,并兼顾轨迹调整快速灵活的目的。在鄂北大牛地和东胜气田水平井水平段应用变径稳定器10余口井,平均机械钻速10.18 m/h,水平段提速24.6%,应用效果良好,实现了提高水平段钻井施工效率的目的,为鄂尔多斯盆地长水平段提速提效提供了有利借鉴。     

考虑应力变化速率的岩石脆性评价指标

脆性作为岩石的重要的力学指标,对深部岩体性态评价以及灾害预防具有重要意义。岩石应力−应变曲线能够很好地表征岩石的脆性。考虑到现有基于应力−应变曲线的脆性指标大多都只对曲线的一部分进行分析,且少有指标能够准确地应用于岩石II类曲线中,对整体判断的缺乏可能会导致工程应用上适应性及可靠性不足的情况。针对现有脆性指标普遍存在的物理意义模糊、评估结果与岩石脆性的关系非连续等问题,综合考量岩石应力−应变曲线中峰前应力上升速率、峰后应力跌落速率以及峰值点应变值对岩石脆性的影响,提出了一种物理意义明确、计算结果与岩石脆性之间的关系是单调且连续的岩石脆性指数计算方法。选取国内外常用脆性指标对锦屏II级水电站大理岩和某铁路隧道花岗岩、变质砂岩以及片麻岩的单轴压缩试验数据进行脆性评价后进行比较,验证了指标的适用性。进一步将提出的指标应用于常规三轴试验条件下大理岩脆性分析,结果表明,该指标不仅能够量化和分类不同岩石的脆性特征,还能表征围压对岩石脆性的抑制作用。     

冻融温变速率对岩石受载特性的影响规律

以贺兰山岩画、云冈石窟等中常见的硅质胶结砂岩为研究对象,对不同温变速率冻融后岩样进行称重、超声波测试和单轴压缩试验,探究了冻融后岩石物理力学性质随冻融温变速率的变化规律;根据冻融后岩石受载过程中的声发射和微震特征,揭示了温变速率对冻融后岩石内部不同尺度裂纹扩展的影响规律及其内在机制。研究表明：（1）随着温变速率增加,岩样冻融后的微裂纹增多,颗粒间联结强度减弱,峰值强度、弹性模量降低,破坏应变及损伤参量D_e、D_v增大;（2）冻融岩石受载过程中,微裂纹具有“初始压密―扩展孕育―急速扩展”的演化特征,宏观裂纹演化过程可分为“匀速扩展－急速扩展”两个阶段,其中宏观裂纹的急速扩展阶段还呈现出“孕育－扩展－再孕育－再扩展”的波浪式发展特点;温变速率越大,冻融后岩石受载过程中的微裂纹、宏观裂纹扩展越快,且更易于进入急速扩展阶段;当温变速率增大到一定数值后,微裂纹、宏观裂纹从加载开始即以较高速率扩展,直至岩样破坏;（3）微裂纹孕育阶段和加载全过程的声发射振铃相对增长速率,以及宏观裂纹匀速扩展阶段的相对时长、微震振铃相对增长速率均与损伤参量D_e、D_v具有较好的拟合关系,能够反映冻融循环对岩石的初始损伤作用;（4）冻胀力随温变速率增加而增大,导致不同温变速率冻融后岩样的初始损伤不同,这是引起冻融后岩石受载过程中裂纹扩展、声震特性出现显著差异的内在原因。     

水合物储层伺服降压开采模型试验研究

深海水合物赋存于一定的温度和压力环境下,降压开采时降压速率对分解产气速率和储层变形特性影响显著。利用浙江大学自主研发的水合物降压开采试验装置,通过伺服控制降压速率,初步开展了水合物储层模型降压开采试验,研究了储层温度场、孔压场、产气量等的响应特性,探讨了降压速率对产气效率和储层变形特性的影响规律。试验表明：水合物竖井降压开采时,开采井周围储层温度率先下降,分解域由井周逐步向周围发展。适当提高降压速率能够提高储层开采效率,但降压速率过快时易导致水合物重生成,反而不利于水合物高效持续稳定开采,开采时应选择合理的降压速率以达到最优产气效率。开采过程中根据储层孔隙与外界连通程度,储层孔隙状态可分为完全封闭型、局部封闭型和开放型3种类型。储层开采试验完成后,浅层土体出现 3 种不同变形特征的区域：I 区为井周土层,呈漏斗型下陷;II 区土层平坦,无明显扰动痕迹;III 区为边界土层,该处水气产出受阻导致部分气体向上迁移引起土丘状隆起带出现。这些变形特征与气体在储层中的迁移路径和运移模式相关。通过相似性分析,给出了模型与原型分解时间和产气量等的对应关系。     

火山灰增强微生物固化砂土效果的试验研究

为了提升微生物固化砂土的效果,考虑火山灰的多孔结构及活性特征,设计进行了火山灰增强微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀（MICP）固化砂土试验,综合宏观物理力学试验和微细观检测,系统分析了火山灰对微生物固化砂土的增强效果及增强机制。结果表明：（1）火山灰能够显著提高砂土微生物加固过程中的固菌率和胶结物产量,火山灰掺量在10%左右达到最佳,与常规MICP相比,固菌率提高了118.28%,胶结物生成量提高了29.55%。（2）火山灰的掺入提高了固化体的抗压强度和抵抗变形的能力,不同围压下固化体的抗压强度提升了52.26%～62.96%,破坏时的应变增加了100.00%～112.58%。（3）火山灰掺入后,固化体的孔隙大小及孔隙率明显减小,整体的密实性及抗渗性能进一步提升,孔隙率从20.12%减小为14.17%,渗透系数降低了一个数量级。（4）火山灰对微生物固化砂土的增强机制主要包括3个方面,一方面,火山灰在砂颗粒间起到了良好的充填作用,大幅减少了颗粒间的大孔隙,使得固化体的密实性增强;另一方面,火山灰良好的吸附作用有效提高了试样内细菌的含量,使固化体碳酸钙的产量及分布的均匀性均增加;第3方面,火山灰中的活性物质参与反应生成的胶凝物质与碳酸钙晶体形成复合凝胶体,使得固化体的胶结性能和密实程度进一步增强。