Estimate of productivity in ecosystem of the broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest in Changbai Mountain

We measured soil, stem and branch respiration of trees and shrubs, foliage photosynthesis and respiration in ecosystem of the needle and broad-leaved Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain by LI-6400 CO2 analysis system. Measurement of forest microclimate was conducted simultaneously and a model was found for the relationship of soil, stem, leaf and climate factors. CO2 flux of different components in ecosystem of the broad-leaved Korean pine forest was estimated based on vegetation characteristics. The net ecosystem exchange was measured by eddy covariance technique. And we studied the effect of temperature and photosynthetic active radiation on ecosystem CO2 flux. Through analysis we found that the net ecosystem exchange was affected mainly by soil respiration and leaf photosynthesis. Annual net ecosystem exchange ranged from a minimum of about -4.671μmol·m-2·s-1 to a maximum of 13.80μmol·m-2·s-1, mean net ecosystem exchange of CO2 flux was -2.0μmol·m-2·s-1 and 3.9μmol·m-2·s-1 in winter and summer respectively (mean value during 24 h). Primary productivity of tree, shrub and herbage contributed about 89.7%, 3.5% and 6.8% to the gross primary productivity of the broad-leaved Korean pine forest respectively. Soil respiration contributed about 69.7% CO2 to the broad-leaved Korean pine forest ecosystem, comprising about 15.2% from tree leaves and 15.1% from branches. The net ecosystem exchange in growing season and non-growing season contributed 56.8% and 43.2% to the annual CO2 efflux respectively. The ratio of autotrophic respiration to gross primary productivity (Ra:GPP) was 0.52 (NPP:GPP=0.48). Annual carbon accumulation underground accounted for 52% of the gross primary productivity, and soil respiration contributed 60% to gross primary productivity. The NPP of the needle and broad-leaved Korean pine forest was 769.3 gC·m-2·a-1. The net ecosystem exchange of this forest ecosystem (NEE) was 229.51 gC·m-2·a-1. The NEE of this forest ecosystem acquired by eddy covariance technique was lower than chamber estimates by 19.8%.     

Are There Differences in the Response of Natural Stand and Plantation Biomass to Changes in Temperature and Precipitation? A Case for Two-needled Pines in Eurasia

A comparative discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of natural stands and plantations, including in terms of their productivity and stability, began from the moment of the first forest plantings and continues to this day. In the context of the progressive replacement of natural forests by plantations due to deforestation, the question of how will change the carbon storage capacity of forest cover when replacing natural forests with artificial ones in a changing climate becomes extremely relevant. This article presents the first attempt to answer this question at the transcontinental level on a special case for two-needled pine trees (subgenus Pinus L.). The research was carried out using the database compiled by the authors on the single-tree biomass structure of forest-forming species of Eurasia, in particular, data of 1880 and 1967 of natural and plantation trees, respectively. Multi-factor regression models are calculated after combining the matrix of initial data on the structure of tree biomass with the mean January temperature and mean annual precipitation, and their adequacy indices allow us to consider them reproducible. It is found that the aboveground and stem biomass of equal-sized and equal-aged natural and plantation trees increases as the January temperature and precipitation rise. This pattern is only partially valid for the branches biomass, and it has a specific character for the foliage one. The biomass of all components of plantation trees is higher than that of natural trees, but the percent of this excess varies among different components and depends on the level of January temperatures, but does not depend at all on the level of annual precipitation. A number of uncertainties that arose during the modeling process, as well as the preliminary nature of the obtained regularities, are noted.     

云南松林的林冠对土壤侵蚀的影响

研究发现滇西北高山峡谷区云南松也具有通过林冠截流减少有效雨量和降低雨滴对地表的滴溅能量,减少降雨对土壤的侵蚀程度,产生较大的直径的叶工引起的林冠滴溅效应,云南松林冠在整个雨季截留率平均达３６．２９％,使林下有效降雨仅为降雨量的６３．７１％,松林在整个雨季的林下溅蚀累积总量为４．９４ｋｇ／ｍ＾２,裸地为６．１２ｋｇ／ｍ＾２,表明松林减少１９．２８％,的溅蚀全量,但林地在雨季中后期的各阶段溅蚀全量却高     

新疆表土松科花粉分布的探讨

根据新疆94个表土中松科(包括云杉属和松属,下同)花粉含量讨论其散布规律。在远离林区的荒漠、荒漠草原表土中、松科花粉普遍出现,含量较稳定。小于5%。在沙漠荒漠中,松科花粉的百分含量不稳定。在距林地10～0.5km处,松科花粉含量随近林地而明显增长。平原河谷林及低地草甸中松科花粉含量变幅较大、在高山、亚高山草甸中含量偏高,主因流水作用和地形风作用。     

基于哨兵2A数据的北京松柏分布及花粉致敏风险评估初步研究

开展北京松柏植被的高分辨率空间信息提取及其花粉致敏风险评估对花粉浓度监测及预报具有重要意义。本文利用2019—2020年冬季304景高分辨率哨兵2A号（Sentinel 2A）卫星影像,引入新型增强型归一化植被指数（Enhanced normalized Vegetation Index,EVI）和地表水分指数（Land Surface Water Index,LSWI）,开展了10 m空间分辨率的北京松柏植被分布制图研究;同时依据风险评估原理,结合2020年北京松柏花粉浓度观测数据,建立了基于松柏植被分布的花粉致敏风险空间评估方法,并初步开展了影响松柏花粉浓度范围与花粉致敏风险空间评估研究。结果表明：①基于冬季合成晴空Sentinel 2A卫星影像,利用EVI和LSWI可有效提取北京10 m空间分辨率的松柏植被分布,用户精度可达80%以上;②松柏花粉观测站14 km范围内松柏植被对该站花粉浓度具有正贡献,其中6 km范围内的松柏植被贡献最大;③松柏花粉致敏相对高风险区主要分布在西北部山区、昌平北部以及门头沟东部、石景山西北和海淀西南等地区。     

LAND‐USE CHANGE IN THE ATLANTIC COASTAL PINE BARRENS ECOREGION

Information on the rates, characteristics, and drivers of land‐use change are vital for addressing the impacts and feedbacks of change on environmental processes. The U.S. Geological Survey's Land Cover Trends project is conducting a consistent, national analysis of the rates, causes, and consequences of land‐use change. In this article we assess change in the Atlantic Coastal Pine Barrens ecoregion from 1973 to 2000. Urban lands expanded by more than 900 square kilometers during the study period. Land‐use change in the ecoregion followed the tenets of “Forest Transition Theory” (ftt ) prior to the study period, but forest lands experienced consistent declines from 1973 to 2000. Increasing government regulation during the study period, consistent with concept of the “Quiet Revolution” (qr ), mitigated forest loss during the latter half of the study period. Generalized theories, including ftt and the qr , are valuable, but local and regional determinants of comparative land rents ultimately drive land‐use change at this scale.     

Stable isotope coherence in the earlywood and latewood of tree-line conifers

Annually resolved and replicated tree-ring stable isotope series have the potential to reconstruct growing season environmental parameters over multi-millennial timescales. As this archive may require only minimal statistical detrending, it has the potential to preserve a large portion of low frequency climate signals. To date, many studies have utilised only the latewood portion of the tree ring, in an attempt to minimize carry-over effects from previous year reserves and maximise the annual nature of the climate signal preserved. However, the old trees from tree-line locations, necessary to build long chronologies, often display narrow ring-widths (< 0.5 mm), making accurate earlywood–latewood separation difficult and particular time consuming. The resulting samples may also be too small for efficient cellulose purification or multiple isotopic determinations. As photosynthates from the current year are predominantly used in conifer ring formation at marginal sites with short growing seasons, latewood separation may not be especially advantageous in determining a useful climate signal and therefore unnecessary where resources are limited. To test this hypothesis, Scots pine from Northern Norway and European larch from the Swiss Alps are used. Both sites are tree-line locations where growth is predominantly temperature limited. Tree rings were cut and extracted to cellulose for both the earlywood and latewood of each annual growth ring and stable carbon isotope ratios were measured. Our results demonstrate a very high common carbon isotope signal between earlywood and latewood in both species (r_larch = 0.68 and r_pine = 0.79), which also show high correlations with summer temperature over the investigated period (AD 1980–2004 for larch and AD 1929–1978 for pine). High turnover rates and small reserve pools at these tree-line locations may account for these high common signals. These results suggest that for European tree-line conifers, the separation of earlywood from latewood is unnecessary to resolve an annual isotopic signal and make a reliable climate calibration. Using the whole ring may provide additional analytical advantages and consequently even improve climate calibrations.     

漠河樟子松树轮指数与标准化植被指数的关系研究

利用我国寒温带针叶林的樟子松树轮数据和多年NDVI数据,运用树轮指数生成程序ARSTAN得到最大密度、晚材密度等7种树轮指数的标准化序列。首先分析了森林NDVI的逐月和逐年变化特征,然后分析了各种树轮指数与森林NDVI的关系。结果表明,漠河森林NDVI月变化和年变化主要受温度影响,属于温度驱动型;最大密度指数与NDVI年均值间有较强的相关关系;生长季（5～9月）NDVI与当年树轮的最大密度、晚材密度、早材密度和晚材宽度指数相关,但与最小密度、树轮宽度、早材宽度指数关系不显著;夏季（6～8月）NDVI与早材密度指数显著相关,但早材宽度指数却与前一年夏季NDVI有关。就单月NDVI而言,5月份的NDVI与最大密度和晚材密度指数显著相关,而6月份的NDVI与早材密度指数显著相关。从7种树轮指数对区域尺度上的生长季NDVI的指示效果来看,密度指数比宽度指数更有效。