退化草地封育后土壤细颗粒增加机理探讨及研究展望

土壤的恢复是退化草地生态系统恢复的难点和关键。土壤细颗粒物质的增加对退化的土壤系统恢复具有重要意义,不但可以改善土壤质地、也能输入土壤养分。通过综述退化草地封育后土壤细颗粒增加的研究案例,从植物有机体的归还、植物覆盖增加及其抑制风蚀作用和截存降尘的作用分析细颗粒增加的机理;重点总结了降尘对生态系统作用的研究进展;并从降尘对退化草地封育后土壤细颗粒增加的贡献以及草地植被对降尘的截存作用两个方面做了研究展望。     

Fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O from alpine grassland in the Tibetan Plateau

Using static chamber technique, fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O were measured in the alpine grassland area from July 2000 to July 2001, determinations of mean fluxes showed that co2 and N2O were generally released from the soil, while the alpine grassland accounted for a weak CH4 sink. Fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O ranged widely. The highest co2 emission occurred in August, whereas almost 90% of the whole year emission occurred in the growing season. But the variations of CH4 and N2O fluxes did not show any clear patterns over the one-year-experiment. During a daily variation, the maximum co2 emission occurred at 16:00, and then decreased to the minimum emission in the early morning. Daily pattern analyses indicated that the variation in co2 fluxes was positively related to air temperatures (R2=0.73) and soil temperatures at a depth of 5 cm (R2=0.86), whereas daily variations in CH4 and N2O fluxes were poorly explained by soil temperatures and climatic variables. co2 emissions in this area were much lower than other grasslands in plain areas.     

Carbon storage and sequestration of national key ecological restoration programs in China: An introduction to special issue

<正>Although a crucial objective of ecosystem management should be the avoidance of degradation at the beginning,an unfortunate truth is that ecosystems have been substantially exploited,degraded and destroyed in the last century as a result of the global increase in economic and societal prosperity(Suding,2011).More than 60%of ecosystems have been converted for human use or degraded through unsustainable harvest,pollution,     

Sand stabilization effect of feldspathic sandstone during the fallow period in Mu Us Sandy Land

Depended on the analysis of ground snow situation, soil moisture loss speed and soil structure after planting crops of Mu Us Sandy Land remedied with feldspathic sandstone in the fallow period, it is concluded that feldspathic sandstone mixed with sand improved the sand stabilization in the governance of Mu Us Sandy Land in the fallow period. The sandy land remedied with feldspathic sandstone had big snow coverage, 25%-75% higher than normal sand; soil moisture losses slowed down, and moisture content rose by over 3 times; soil structure had been improved, and water stable aggregate content increased by 6.52%-18.04%; survival rate of protection forest increased to 85%; and ground flatness is less than 1%. The above conditions weakened sand rising conditions of Mu Us Sandy Land in the fallow period and formed two protective layers of snow cover and soil frozen layer under cold weather so as to prevent against wind erosion.     

中国锡林郭勒草原沙漠化的沙源及其地质学成因

从沉积学的角度分析了锡林郭勒草原沙漠化的地质背景和沙源。锡林郭勒草原直接覆盖在早白垩世二连盆地之上。该盆地各凹陷演化的生命周期完整,同沉积期构造演化结束于基底沉降减缓阶段末,而沉积充填演化结束于湖泊萎缩-平原化阶段,随后一直处于缓慢隆升状态。这样的盆地演化史,导致充填序列上部广泛发育了湖退体系域——厚度巨大且固结程度极低的河流-三角洲砂体。人为因素和气象因素破坏了草原植被,使这些规模巨大的砂体露出地表,造成草原沙漠化基础。显然,地质环境的脆弱性是生态环境脆弱性的决定因素。因此从某种意义上说,锡林郭勒草原沙漠化也是一种地质灾害。如果不进行有效的治理,将会出现大规模沙漠化。这种类型的沙漠化在中国华北、西北和东北乃至世界各地具有普遍性。     

毛乌素沙地沙产业发展条件

沙产业对沙漠的生态环境改善和社会经济发展具有巨大的贡献,在当前全球气候变化的背景下更是迎来新的契机。结合数理统计以及SWOT分析等研究方法综合分析和评价毛乌素沙地气候变化、生态环境变化以及内外资源条件。结果表明：（1）在气候变暖的背景下,毛乌素沙地降水有所增加,风速逐渐减小,植被覆盖率不断提高,气候条件和生态环境条件逐渐改善。（2）毛乌素沙地土地、光热、水、旅游及政策等资源条件具有明显的优势。毛乌素沙地逐渐改善的自然环境以及优势资源可为沙产业的发展提供动力和保障。     

呼伦贝尔沙地沙丘砂来源的定量分析--逐步判别分析(SDA)在粒度分析方面的应用

Quantltatively determining the sources of dune sand uis one of the problems necessarily and urgently to be solved in aeolian landforms and desertification research. Based on the granulometric data of sand materials from the Hulun Buir Sandy Land, the paper employs the stepwise discriminant analysis technique (SDA) for two groups to select the principal factors determining the differences between surface loose sediments. The extent of similarity between two statistical populations can be described quantitatively by three factors such as the number of principal variables, Mahalanobis distance D^2 and confidence level α for F-test. Results reveal that: 1) Aeolian dune sand in the region mainly derives from Hailar Formation (Q3), while fluvial sand and palaeosol also supply partially source sand for dunes; and 2) in the vicinity of Cuogang Town and west of the broad valley of the lower reaches of Hailar River, fluvial sand can naturally become principal supplier for dune sand.     

有机混合物的制备及其在退化沙地恢复方面的应用

针对科尔沁沙地沙漠化和农牧业生产中的重大生态和经济问题,利用微生物定向培育技术,选择土壤和牛粪混合的菌源母质筛选出具有较强分解能力的纤维素分解菌群（NMCel）;将玉米秸秆和牲畜粪便按照5∶3（干重比）的比例混合,加入稀释后的NMCel菌液进行有氧发酵,发酵60d后制备成具有一定保水性、透气性和粘性的有机混合物。这种有机混合物对裸沙的修复能力较好,可以显著提高裸沙地表土壤碳氮含量和促进裸沙地表生物结皮的形成。有机混合物的最佳播撒方式是：在裸沙表面播施差不嘎蒿（Artemisia halodendron）、胡枝子（Lespedeza davurica）、狗尾草（Setaria viridis）等固沙植物种子后播撒1kg·5m^-2有机混合物,然后覆盖遮阴网。有机混合物的播撒使沙丘裸露创面的植被盖度从6%增加到26%,保水性提高24%~47%,抗风蚀能力提高了5.4~8.6倍。     

高寒草甸草地退化对土壤水热性质的影响及其环境效应

青藏高原高寒草甸草地的大面积退化,将改变浅层土壤的水热性质,影响地表水热交换,甚至导致区域生态环境的变化。本文通过系统分析典型原生高寒草甸与中度退化高寒草甸的植物群落特征、地上地下生物量和土壤理化特征的差异,研究高寒草甸草地退化对土壤水热性质的影响及其环境效应。结果表明:随着高寒草甸草地退化,植被覆盖度显著降低(p<0.01),适应旱生、深根系的杂草侵入适应湿润生境、浅根系的以莎草科植物为主的原生植被,生物多样性显著增加(p<0.01);草毡表层(0～10 cm)地下生物量显著减少(p<0.01),30～50 cm地下生物量显著增加(p<0.01)。草毡表层变薄降低了土壤容重的垂向异质性,使表层土壤容重显著增加(p<0.01),土壤颗粒显著变粗(p<0.01)。受浅层土壤有机质降低和土壤容重增加的影响,中度退化高寒草甸土壤的持水量和饱和导水率降低,土壤导热率升高。高寒草甸草地植被退化,土壤持水量、饱和导水率降低和导热率增加将加速地表水热交换,对高寒草甸草地退化和下伏多年冻土消融都可能是正反馈。     

Distribution of soil organic carbon under different vegetation zones in the Ili River Valley,Xinjiang

We analyzed and estimated the distribution and reserves of soil organic carbon under nine different vegetation conditions including alpine meadow, meadow steppe, typical steppe, desert steppe, and temperate coniferous forest and so on, in the Ili River valley, Xinjiang according to data from field investigations and laboratory analyses in 2008 and 2009. The study results show that the soil organic carbon content in the Ili River valley varies with the type of vegetation. In the 0–50 cm soil horizon, the soil organic carbon content is the highest under the vegetation types of alpine meadow and meadow steppe, slightly lower under temperate coniferous forest and typical steppe, and the lowest under the intrazonal vegetation and desert vegetation types. The soil organic carbon content shows basically a tendency to decrease as soil depth increases under various vegetation types except in the case of the intrazonal vegetation. Similarly, the soil organic carbon density is the highest and varies little under the vegetation types of alpine meadow, meadow steppe and temperate coniferous forest, and is the lowest under the desert vegetation type. Both the soil organic carbon content and density in the topsoil of meadows in the Ili River valley are high, so protecting meadows in the Ili River valley, and especially their topsoil, should be a priority so that the potential of change in soil organic carbon in the shallow soil horizon is reduced, and this means maintenance of the stability of the soil carbon pool.